Ubwoko bubiri bw'amakosa atandukanye kuriudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritobishobora kwishyurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye.
Amakosa ya sisitemu afite amategeko amwe n'amwe ahinduka. Nyuma yo kumenya ingano n'icyerekezo byayo, ashobora gukemurwa no guhindura cyangwa kuvugurura ibikoresho. Ku makosa atunguranye, bisa nkaho nta buryo bugaragara bwo gukora. Ariko, hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mibare y'imibare kugira ngo umenye imiterere rusange y'amakosa yo gupakira ku mapaki menshi.
(1) Kugena umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge AQL. Uruganda n’umukoresha bumvikana kugira ngo bamenye umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe hanyuma babyandike mu masezerano y’ibipimo bya tekiniki cyangwa amasezerano y’itumiza. Muri rusange, imipaka y’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe igenwa ukwayo hakurikijwe ibyiciro bidafite ishingiro. Umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe wavuzwe ku cyiciro cya A ni muto ugereranije n’umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe wavuzwe ku cyiciro cya B, kandi umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe wavuzwe ku cyiciro cya C ni munini ugereranije n’umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe wavuzwe ku cyiciro cya B. Byongeye kandi, dushobora gutekereza kongera gushyiraho bimwe mu bintu bidafite ishingiro mu cyiciro kimwe, cyangwa dushobora gutekereza kongera gushyiraho umupaka ntarengwa w’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe hagati y’ibyiciro bitandukanye. Imipaka ntarengwa y’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe igaragazwa nk’umubare w’ibyananiranye kuri buri bicuruzwa 100 bipakiye. Urugero, imipaka y’ubuziranenge bw’iyemewe ku dusanduku twa corrugated ni: 1.0 ku cyiciro cya A, 4.0 ku cyiciro cya B, na 6.5 ku cyiciro cya C.
(2) Kugena gahunda yo gufatira ingero, ni ukuvuga ingano y'icyitegererezo n'umubare w'abakiriwe n'abanze hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa gahunda yo gufatira ingero. GB/T 2828.1-2003 itanga gahunda zisanzwe, zikomeye, kandi zoroshye zo gufatira ingero z'ibanze n'iza kabiri. Ibi ni ukugira ngo uburyo gahunda ihamye buhindurwe ku gihe hakurikijwe impinduka mu bwiza, kandi ingaruka nziza zo gufatira ingero ziboneke hamwe n'icyitegererezo gito. Imbonerahamwe ya 8-10 ni gahunda yo gufatira ingero isanzwe kugira ngo igenzurwe neza.
(3) Fata ingero hanyuma urebe ingero.
(4) Kumenya niba igenzura ry’itsinda ku rindi ryujuje ibisabwa cyangwa ridafite ibisabwa, no gukora gahunda yo kujugunya nyuma yo gusuzuma. 2. Ingero z’igenzura
Igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byapakiwe mu matsinda y'ibice 10.000 bikorwa hakurikijwe GB/T2828.1-2003 "Gahunda yo gusuzuma icyitegererezo cy'itsinda ku rindi yabonetse hakurikijwe umupaka w'ubuziranenge bwemewe (AQL)", hanyuma hagafatwa urwego rusange rwa II rw'igenzura. Koresha gahunda isanzwe yo gusuzuma icyitegererezo rimwe, hanyuma urebe kode y'ingano y'icyitegererezo kuva ku mbonerahamwe ya 8-9 kugeza kuri L; hanyuma urebe ko ingano y'icyitegererezo kuva ku mbonerahamwe ya 8-10 kugeza kuri 200, hanyuma uhitemo ingero mu buryo butunguranye. Dukurikije ibyiciro bitatu by'ubuziranenge bw'ibyakiriwe: Icyiciro A ni 1.0, Icyiciro B ni 4.0, na Icyiciro C ni 6.5. Bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 8-10 ko umurongo ufite kode y'ingano y'icyitegererezo L na AOL = 1.0, 4.0, 6.5 Aho inkingi zihurira, soma [5,6], [14,15], [21,
Ni umubare w'ibicuruzwa byanzwe mu byiciro bitatu byaudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakarito: A, D, na C.
Iyo umubare w'ibicuruzwa bifite inenge mu cyitegererezo urenze cyangwa ungana n'umubare w'ibicuruzwa bifite inenge, ntabwo ungana n'umubare w'ibicuruzwa bifite inenge. Urugero, iyo ibicuruzwa 2.000 byakuwe ku murongo w'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bigenzurwe, kandi iyo umubare ubonetse ko ari 5, icyo gihe hagenwa ko iri tsinda ry'ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse ritujuje ibisabwa.
Ibicuruzwa 3 ntibyari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya A, ibicuruzwa 4 ntibyari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya B, ibicuruzwa 2 ntibyari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya A na B, ibicuruzwa 3 ntibyari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya B na C, na 5udusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoibicuruzwa bitari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya C. Hanyuma umubare w'ibicuruzwa bitari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya A, icyiciro cya B na C ni 79 na 8, naho umubare w'ibicuruzwa bitari byujuje ibisabwa ni 24. Umubare w'ibicuruzwa bitari byujuje ibisabwa mu cyiciro cya A, B, na C ni 7, 7, na 5, naho umubare w'ibicuruzwa bitari byujuje ibisabwa ni 19.
Iyo umubare w'ibicuruzwa bidafite ishingiro ugeze ku mubare w'ibyanzwe, niba iri tsinda ry'ibicuruzwa bipakiye bizangwa bisaba isesengura rirambuye. Hari igihe biba ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bwo kumvikana, nko kwemera ariko ukaburira ko hakenewe ingamba zo gukosora, cyangwa kwanga ariko ukemera kubyakira nyuma yo gushyira mu byiciro cyangwa kongera gutunganywa.
Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryaudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoigenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibipfunyika
udusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoIbicuruzwa bipfunyitse bigomba kugenzurwa mu gihe cyo gukora, kandi imashini n'ibikoresho bigomba guhindurwa hashingiwe ku makuru yabonetse kugira ngo agaciro k'ubuziranenge kagenwe kagume mu rugero rusabwa. Nyuma yo kwakira ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse, abakoresha bagomba gukora igenzura ry'ubuziranenge kugira ngo barebe niba bujuje ibisabwa mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ryo mu nganda no kureba niba nta byangiritse bigaragara mu gihe cyo kubitwara.
(1) Ibikubiye mu igenzura ry’ubuziranenge Igenzura ni uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’abakoresha bwo kwakira ibicuruzwa. Bishobora kuba igenzura ryuzuye cyangwa isuzuma ry’ingero. Ibikubiye mu igenzura ni ibi bikurikira: ① Gutegura ibipimo bya tekiniki kuudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoGupakira ibicuruzwa. ② Tegura ibipimo ngenderwaho byo gusuzuma. ③ Koresha ibikoresho by'igenzura byizewe n'uburyo bwo kugenzura. ④Andika amakuru y'igenzura. ⑤ Tanga ibitekerezo byo gutunganya ibyavuye mu igenzura. ⑥Ohereza amakuru y'igenzura n'ibitekerezo mu ishami rishinzwe imicungire y'ubuziranenge.
(2) Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryihariye ry’igenzura ry’ubuziranenge
Igenzura ryihariye ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibintu bitandukanyeudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoIbikoresho byo gupfunyika biratandukanye. Aha twafata urugero rw'igenzura ry'ubuziranenge bw'amacupa y'ibirahure n'amacupa, amakarito apfunyika, n'ibindi. Ibindi bicuruzwa bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ishingiro.
1. Amacupa y'ikirahure n'amacupa
(1) Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki ku macupa y'ibirahure n'amacupa
①Ishusho. Imiterere y'ibanze y'amacupa y'ibirahure n'amacupa iterwa ahanini n'ubwoko n'ingano y'ibintu birimo. Iyo ishusho y'icupa imaze kumenyekana, hagomba gushushanywa igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana uko agacupa gateye. Ubusanzwe hagaragazwa n'amashusho atatu, amashusho yagutse, n'andi mashusho y'ibice bitatu. ②Ingano. Ingano z'ingenzi z'amacupa y'ibirahure n'amacupa zigomba kwandikwa ku mashusho y'akazi, hamwe n'ubushobozi butangwa, kandi ibindi bintu nk'ubushobozi cyangwa ubushobozi nabyo bigomba gushyirwamo. Ingano n'ubushobozi bigomba kuganirwaho n'uwabikoze kuko imashini zikora amacupa zifite uburebure n'umurambararo bidahinduka, akenshi bigabanya imiterere n'ingano y'amacupa n'amacupa. Imashini zikoreshwa cyane mu gukora amacupa muri rusange zigabanya uburebure bw'amacupa n'amacupa kugeza kuri mm 25 ~ 300. Umurambararo w'amacupa n'amacupa ufitanye isano n'umubare w'amacupa n'amacupa akorwa ku gice kimwe cy'imashini, kandi umurambararo wayo uri hagati ya mm 12 na 150. ③Kwihanganira. Amacupa y'ibirahure agirwaho ingaruka n'ibintu bimwe na bimwe mu gihe cyo kuyabumba, bigatera itandukaniro mu miterere n'ingano. Kubwibyo, ingano yemewe y’amacupa igomba gupimwa. Ingano isanzwe y’ubushobozi bwo gupima ikoreshwa ku bunini (mL), uburemere (kg), uburebure (mm) n’umurambararo (mm). Ingano y’ubushobozi bw’amacupa mato n’amacupa ni 15%, kandi ubushobozi bw’amacupa manini n’amacupa ni munsi ya 1%. Ingano y’ubushobozi bw’amacupa n’amacupa atandukanye iri hagati y’izi mbibi zombi. Ingano y’ubushobozi ni hafi 5% by’uburemere bw’amacupa bwagenwe, kandi itandukaniro ry’uburebure ni 0.5% kugeza 0.8% by’uburebure bwose. Ku ducupa dufite umurambararo nibura wa mm 25, ihangana ry’umurambararo ni 8%, ku macupa afite umurambararo ntarengwa wa mm 200, ihangana ni 1.5%, naho ku yandi macupa n’amacupa, ihangana riri hagati y’izi mbibi zombi.
2. Ikarito ipfunyika
②Umurongo wo gupfunyika. Imirongo yo gupfunyika igomba kuba imwe kandi ifite ubujyakuzimu runaka kugira ngo ikarito ibashe gukora umurongo ugororotse n'imiterere isobanutse. Iyo ikarito ipfunyitse kandi igorofa kugeza kuri 180°, kugira ngo ugabanye imiyoboro ku murongo wo gupfunyika, hagomba gukoreshwa icyuma cyo gupfunyika gifite amapine asobanutse kugira ngo gipfunyike umurongo, kandi icyuma cyo gupfunyika gikwiye gushyirwa hagati y'umurongo wo gupfunyika ku buso bw'agasanduku. Impande zose ziciwe zigomba kuba zisukuye kandi zitambitse.
Uduce twose dukeneye gupfunyikamo ibintu tugomba kuba twakanzwe mbere kugira ngo habeho umusaruro usanzwe ku gipfunyika. ③Kuba duto. Amakarito agomba kuba agororotse, nta guhindagurika cyangwa guhindagurika, atandukanijwe, cyangwa ngo afatanye. ④Gusukura. Sukura kandi uhanagure amakarito mbere yo gupfunyika kugira ngo ukuremo ivumbi n'imyanda yasigaye ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukata ku buso bw'amakarito.
⑤Gucapa. Icapiro riri ku gakarito rigomba kubahiriza amahame y'amabara no kwemeza ko ibishushanyo n'inyandiko bihujwe kandi ari byiza. ⑥Amabwiriza agenga imicungire y'ibiribwa n'imiti.udusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoGupfunyika bikoreshwa mu gukora ntibigomba kuba birimo ibintu byimuka birenga imipaka yashyizweho n'inzego zishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti ndetse n'amashami abishinzwe.
Confetti.⑦Gupakira no kugurisha. Amakarito yacapwe agomba gupakirwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza. Ashobora gupakirwa mu dusanduku twa corrugated agafungwa na kaseti, cyangwa agashyirwa ku ma pallets agapfunyikwa na stretch wrap cyangwa shrink wrap. Buri gice cyo gupakira kigomba kwerekana uwakoze, umubare w'amakarito, ubwoko n'ingano y'amakarito, itariki yakoreweho n'umubare w'amakarito, n'ibindi.
⑧Kubika no gupakira no gupakurura. Amakarito agomba kubikwa ahantu hasukuye ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba hamwe n'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 40% na 60%. Amakarito arimo amakarito ntagomba gushyirwa ku mpande zayo, kandi ntagomba gushyirwa hafi y'amaradiyo cyangwa ahandi hantu hashyuha, cyangwa ngo ashyirwe aho byoroshye kwangirika. Ku butaka butose. Mu gihe ukuramo amakarito, kurikiza ihame rya "banza winjire, banza usohokane" hanyuma ufungure menshi ukoresheje.
(2) Gushyira mu byiciro amasanduku y’ibirungo adafite ishingiro
① Icyiciro cya A nticyujuje ibisabwa. Kibuza ikarito gushyiramo ibicuruzwa kandi kikarinda gucapa no gushyiramo ibimenyetso ku ikarito.
a. Imbaraga zo gufungura cyangwa imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma kw'ikatoni ni nini cyane.
b. Ibipimo birenga ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bwavuzwe mu bishushanyo mbonera by'inyubako.
c. Ikarito yangiritse, ifite imyobo cyangwa uduce duto, bigatuma igishushanyo cyacapwe gishwanyagurika cyangwa kidasobanutse neza.
d. Hari ikosa mu ibara rimwe cyangwa menshi yacapwe.
e. Amabara yo gucapa ntabwo yanditse, bigatuma igishushanyo kidasobanutse neza.
Icyuho cyangiritse kandi ntigishobora gukorwa, kuzuzwa no gufungwa mu giheudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakarito gukora ibipfunyika.
② Icyiciro cya B nticyujuje ibisabwa. Ikarito ntishobora gukoreshwa cyane cyangwa isa n'aho ari mbi.
a. Ishusho yacapwe ifite ibizinga cyangwa imikara ku buso, igaragaza ikarito cyangwa irangi ry'ingwa.
b. Kutagira ubwiherero buhagije cyangwa budahagije bituma ikarito igorana ku murongo wo gupakira, bigatuma imikorere yo gupakira igabanuka. c. Iyo agakoresho ko gufunga hasi gafunze, aho gupfunyika ntihafungurwa neza d. Umwobo woroshye gufungura ku ruhande rw'ikarito urapfundikirwa. Ntabwo bikwiriye.
③ Icyiciro cya C ntigikwiye. Gikora ku isura gusa ariko ntikigira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa.
a. Ubuso bw'icapiro buragoye kandi ubuziranenge bwo gusiga ni bubi.
b. Ibara ry'icapiro ni risanzwe gato.
Ingano ntarengwa z’ubuziranenge bw’inguzanyo zitanzwe haruguru ni izi: Icyiciro A 0.4; Icyiciro B 1.0; Icyiciro C 2.5.
(3) Igenzura ry’ubuziranenge mu ikarito Hagomba gukorwa igenzura ry’ubuziranenge n’igenzura ry’ubuziranenge mu ikarito kugira ngo harebwe ko yujuje ibisabwa mu rwego rwa tekiniki. Iyo ibicuruzwa byose bitujuje ibisabwa bitewe n’imikorere mibi y’ikato, ishami rishinzwe gucunga ubuziranenge mu ikarito rifite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko isuzuma ryiyongera.
Mu muryango wa none, nubwo gukoraudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakarito, abantu bashyizeho ibitekerezo byo kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye.
Gupakira bigomba kugira imiterere irinda ibidukikije kandi idafite umwanda kandi yoroshye kuyifata. Icyerekezo rusange cy'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'isi ni igitekerezo cy'iterambere rya siyansi ry'iterambere ryibanda ku bantu, ryuzuye, rihujwe kandi rirambye. Ni ngombwa kwemeza ko iterambere ry'ubukungu rihuzwa n'abaturage, umutungo n'ibidukikije, kandi ko hitawe ku iterambere ry'ubukungu no kurengera ibidukikije. Iterambere ry'ubukungu rigomba gushingira ku bushobozi bw'umutungo n'ibidukikije, hagamijwe kubaka umuryango uharanira kubungabunga no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Igitekerezo gishya cy'abantu cyo "gupakira birambye" cyarashyizweho. "Gupakira birambye" bisaba kunoza ibikoresho n'ingufu bigomba kuzirikanwa mu gushushanya gupakira, imikorere y'ibipakira n'ikiguzi kugira ngo bihuze n'ibisabwa ku isoko, no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvugurura ibintu muudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoUburyo bwo gupakira, gutwara no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho. Ingufu, ikoreshwa ryinshi ry'ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa n'ibindi, kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu buryo bwiza, gutanga ibikoresho by'agaciro ku bicuruzwa bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, kugirira akamaro abantu ku giti cyabo n'amatsinda mu giheudusanduku tw'itabi tw'amakaritoubuzima bwo gupakira, no kurinda umutekano n'ubuzima bwiza. Bijyanye n'igitekerezo cy'ubukungu buzunguruka, ni ukuvuga ko gifata ikoreshwa neza no kongera gukoresha umutungo nk'ishingiro ryacyo kandi kigafata "ikoreshwa rike, imyuka ihumanya ikirere mike, n'imikorere myiza cyane" nk'ibiranga ibanze byacyo. Ni ubundi buryo bwo "gukora ku bwinshi, ikoreshwa ry'ibintu byinshi, n'imyanda myinshi". Impinduka z'ibanze mu buryo busanzwe bwo gukura kw'umutungo. Inganda zipakira zigomba guhuza n'ibikenewe mu iterambere ry'ubukungu buzunguruka. Gupakira birimo ibisobanuro bishya, byitwa "gupakira ku bidukikije"
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 17 Mata 2024