Kuki hari itabi 20 mumupaki?

Ibihugu byinshi bifite amategeko agenga itabi ashyiraho umubare ntarengwa waagasanduku k'itabiibyo birashobora gushirwa mumupaki umwe.

Mu bihugu byinshi byagennye kuri ibi ingano ntarengwa y’ipaki y’itabi ni 20, urugero nko muri Amerika (Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Sec. 1140.16) hamwe n’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (Amabwiriza y’ibicuruzwa by’itabi, 2014/40 / EU) . Amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi yashyizeho umubare ntarengwa waagasanduku k'itabikuri buri paki kugirango yongere igiciro cyambere cyitabi bityo bitume bidahenze cyane kurubyiruko 1. Ibinyuranye, hariho amategeko make cyane yerekeranye nubunini bwapaki ntarengwa, butandukanye kwisi yose hagati yitabi 10 na 50 kumupaki. Ipaki ya 25 yatangijwe muri Ositaraliya mu myaka ya za 70, kandi udupaki twa 30, 35, 40 na 50 twagiye buhoro buhoro ku isoko mu myaka 20 yakurikiyeho 2. Muri Irilande, ingano y’ipaki irenga 20 yazamutse kuva kuri 0% byagurishijwe muri 2009 kugeza 23% muri 2018 3. Mu Bwongereza, hashyizweho paki ya 23 na 24 nyuma yo gutangiza ibipapuro bisanzwe (bisanzwe). Twigiye kuri ubwo bunararibonye, ​​Nouvelle-Zélande yategetse ibipimo bibiri gusa (20 na 25) mu rwego rwo gushyiraho amategeko 4 yo gupakira ibintu 4.

Kuboneka k'ubunini bunini burenze 20agasanduku ka itabini inyungu zihariye kubera ibimenyetso bigenda byerekana uruhare rwubunini bwigice mugukoresha ibindi bicuruzwa.

Kurya ibiryo byiyongera mugihe abantu batanzwe binini, ugereranije ntoya, ingano yimigabane, hamwe na Cochrane isuzuma buri gihe isanga ingaruka ntoya kandi igereranije yubunini bwigice kubiribwa no kunywa - kunywa ibinyobwa 5. Isuzuma ryanasuzumye ibimenyetso byerekana ingaruka zigice ingano ku kunywa itabi. Ubushakashatsi butatu gusa bwujuje ibipimo byo gushyiramo, byose byibanzeagasanduku ka itabiuburebure, nta bushakashatsi busuzuma ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry'ubunini bw'ipaki y'itabi. Ibura ryibimenyetso byubushakashatsi birahangayikishije, kuko kongera kuboneka kwinshi kwipaki bishobora guhungabanya iterambere ryubuzima rusange bwagezweho binyuze mu zindi politiki yo kurwanya itabi.

Kugeza ubu, gutsinda kwa politiki yo kurwanya itabi mu bihugu byinshi byatewe ahanini no kugabanya ibicuruzwa biturutse ku biciro - bishingiye ku bikorwa aho guteza imbere ihagarikwa, aho igipimo cy’ihagarikwa cyagumye gihoraho mu gihe cya 6. Iyi mbogamizi ishimangira ko hakenewe politiki ishigikira ihagarikwa. Kugabanya umubare w'itabi kumunsi abanywa itabi barya birashobora kuba intangiriro yingenzi yo kugerageza guhagarika neza, kandi mugihe kuzamura ibiciro bishoboka ko aribwo buryo bwiza cyane, izindi politiki zo kurwanya itabi nazo zagize uruhare mukugabanya ibyo kurya 7. Inzira z’itabi zerekanye ko abanywa itabi barashobora kandi batangije kandi bakomeza kugabanya ibicuruzwa mu bihugu byinshi. Kurugero, mu myaka aho nta - politiki y’itabi yagendaga ifatwa mu kazi - ahantu, abanywa itabi bakunze guhagarika itabi mu myotsi - akazi ku buntu - ahantu ugereranije n’abemerera kunywa itabi 8. Umubare w’abantu bavuga koagasanduku ka itabikunywa itabi kumunsi nabyo byagabanutse mugihe muri Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza no mubindi bihugu byinshi (2002–07) 9.

Mu Bwongereza, amabwiriza y’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubuzima n’ubuvuzi (NICE) (ibimenyetso by’igihugu - bishingiye ku buzima - ibyifuzo by’ubuvuzi) ashishikariza abanywa itabi kugabanya ibyo kurya bitewe n’uko bishoboka ko byongera amahirwe yo guhagarika. Icyakora, hari impungenge zuko guteza imbere kugabanuka bishobora guhungabanya guhagarika no kurwanya 10. Kwisuzuma buri gihe ku bikorwa byo guhagarika itabi byagaragaye ko kugabanya mbere yo guhagarika, cyangwa guhagarara mu buryo butunguranye, byari bifite igipimo cyagereranywa cyo guhagarika itabi rigamije guhagarika 11. Ibikurikira. ikigeragezo cyerekanye ko kugabanya guhagarika itabi bitagize ingaruka nziza kuruta guhagarika itabi gitunguranye 12; icyakora, abanditsi basabye ko inama zo kugabanya itabi zishobora kuba ingirakamaro niba byongera kwishora hamwe nigitekerezo cyo kubona inkunga. Guhindura ibidukikije nko gufataagasanduku ka itabiingano yipaki ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ibicuruzwa usibye kubimenya. Itanga rero amahirwe yo gutanga inyungu zo kugabanuka kwokunywa itabi ridafite iterambere - risone imyizerere yerekeye kugabanuka kwatewe no kugabanuka wenyine. Intsinzi yerekanwe kuva muri politiki kugirango igabanye ingano ntarengwa, n'umubare wemerewe kugurishwa rimwe, kubindi bicuruzwa byangiza. Kurugero, kugabanya umubare wibinini bya analgesic kuri buri paki byagize akamaro mukurinda impfu ziyahuye 13.

Iyi ngingo igamije gushingira ku isuzuma rya Cochrane riherutse 5 aho nta bushakashatsi bwakozwe bwagaragaje ku ngaruka z’ipaki y’itabi ku kunywa itabi.

Mugihe habuze ibimenyetso bitaziguye, twabonye itandukaniro ririho kubonekaagasanduku ka itabi ingano no guhuza ibitabo bijyanye nibice bibiri byingenzi byo gufata ubunini bwa caping: 

(i) kugabanya ingano yipaki irashobora kugabanya ibyo ukoresha; na (ii) kugabanya ibicuruzwa bishobora kongera ihagarikwa. Ubuke bwubushakashatsi bugerageza gushyigikira ibyo bitekerezo ntibibuza iterabwoba rigenda riba rininiagasanduku ka itabiingano yipaki (> 20) irashobora gutera intsinzi yizindi politiki yo kugenzura itabi. Turemeza ko intego yibanze ku bunini buke buke, tutitaye ku kumenya niba hagomba kubaho ingano ntarengwa y’ipaki, byateje icyuho inganda z’itabi zishobora gukoresha. Dushingiye ku bimenyetso bitaziguye turasaba igitekerezo kivuga ko amabwiriza ya guverinoma yo gushyira mu gipimo cy'itabi kugeza ku itabi 20 byagira uruhare muri politiki yo kurwanya itabi mu gihugu ndetse no ku isi hose kugira ngo umubare w'itabi ugabanuke.