Kuki hari itabi 20 mu gipaki?

Ibihugu byinshi bifite amategeko agenga itabi ashyiraho umubare ntarengwa waAgasanduku k'itabiibyo birashobora gushyirwa mubipaki imwe.

Mu bihugu byinshi byagengwaga kuri iyi ingano yitabi ni 20 Amabwiriza ya EU yashyizeho umubare ntarengwa waAgasanduku k'itabiKuri buri gipaki kugirango wongere igiciro cyitabi bityo akabatoroka bike kubakiri bato 1. Ibinyuranye, hari amabwiriza make cyane yerekeranye na pack ya paki, atandukanye kwisi yose kuri paki. Amapaki ya 25 yatangijwe muri Ositaraliya mu myaka ya za 70, n'abapaki yo ku ya 30, 35, 40 na 50 bagiye binjira mu mbaraga mu mwaka wa 20%. Twigire kuri ubunararibonye, ​​Nouvelle-Zélande yategetse ingano ebyiri gusa (20 na 25) nkigice cyamategeko yacyo kubipakira 4.

Kuboneka kw'igipanga kinini kirenze 20agasanduku ka itabini inyungu zihariye kubera guhinga ibimenyetso byuruhare rwubunini mugukoresha ibindi bicuruzwa.

Kunywa ibiryo biriyongera iyo abantu batanzwe binini, ugereranije nubunini, hamwe na cochrane street stromprion yubunini bwibice no kugereranya. Ubushakashatsi butatu gusa bwahuye nibipimo byo gushyiramo ibipimo, byose byibanze kuriagasanduku ka itabiUburebure, nta bushakashatsi busuzuma ingaruka ku gukoresha ingano y'itabi. Ingano y'ibimenyetso igeragezwa ni impungenge, kuko kongera kuboneka kw'igipaki kinini gishobora guhungabanya ubuzima rusange bwagezweho binyuze mu zindi politiki yo kurwanya itabi.

Kugeza ubu, intsinzi ya politiki yo kugenzura itabi mu bihugu byinshi yatewe no kugabanya inzangano mu kimenyetso, aho guteza imbere ibiciro bikomeje guhora mu gihe cya 6. Iki kibazo gishimangira guhora politiki ishinyagura guhagarika. Kugabanya umubare w'itabi ku munsi abatazi banywa itabi barashobora kuba intangiriro yo kugerageza kwihagarika Kurugero, mumyaka nta politiki yo kunywa itabi yarushanwe ahantu hamwe, abanywa itabi bakunze guhagarika itabi mu kazi keza h'umwotsi ugereranije n'itabi 8. Umubare waagasanduku ka itabiKunywa itabi kumunsi nabyo byaragabanutse igihe muri Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza nibindi bihugu byinshi (2002-07) 9.

Mu Bwongereza, Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubuzima no kwita ku buzima (cyiza) (Ibyifuzo bishingiye ku buvuzi bw'igihugu) Shishikariza abanywa itabi kugira ngo bagabanye ibiyobyabwenge hashingiweho ko hashobora kongera amahirwe yo guhagarika. Ariko, hariho impungenge zimwe ziteza imbere kugabanuka zishobora guhungabanya guhagarika no guhagarika ibiciro bidashoboka ko guhagarika itabi ryahagaritswe kuruta guhagarika itabi mu gihorera gitunguranye 12; Ariko, abanditsi basabye ko inama zo kugabanya itabi rishobora kuba ryiza iyo ryiyongereyeho gusezerana nigitekerezo cyo kwakira inkunga. Guhindura ibidukikije nko gufataagasanduku ka itabiIngano ya paki ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ibiyobyabwenge usibye kumenya neza. Bitanga rero amahirwe yo gutanga inyungu zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa bitagabanywa itabi biteza imbere imyizerere yo kwiyejezwa kubyerekeranye no kugabanuka kwagabanutse binyuze mu kugabanya kugabanuka. Intsinzi yerekanwe kuri politiki yo guhangana nubunini ntarengwa, kandi umubare wemerewe kugurisha kimwe, ibindi bicuruzwa byangiza. Kurugero, kugabanya umubare wibinini bya analgesic kuri paki byagize akamaro mugukumira impfu wiyahuye 13.

Iyi ngingo igamije kubaka kuri cochrane iheruka isubiramo 5 kuba nta bushakashatsi bushakashatsi bwabonetse ku ngaruka z'ubunini bw'itabi ku biyobyabwenge.

Mugihe hatabayeho ibimenyetso bitaziguye, twabonye itandukaniro rihari ribonekaagasanduku ka itabi Ingano kandi ikomatanya ibitabo bijyanye nibitekerezo bibiri byingenzi kugirango ubone ubunini bwa gapapuro: 

(i) kugabanya ingano ya paki irashobora kugabanya ibyo kurya; na (ii) Kugabanya ibiyobyabwenge birashobora kongera guhagarika. Ubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi bwo kugerageza kugirango ashyigikire ibyo bitekerezo ntabwo bibuza iterabwoba kurushaho kuba rininiagasanduku ka itabiipaki (> 20) irashobora gutera intsinzi yizindi politiki yo kugenzura itabi. Twavuga ko kwibanda kubijyanye nubunini bwipaki, ntatekereje niba hagomba kubaho ingano ntarengwa ya paki, yashyizeho icyumba cyitabi gishobora gukoreshwa. Dushingiye ku bimenyetso bitaziguye dusaba hypothesis ko amabwiriza ya guverinoma yo gufata impinga ku itabi kugeza ku itabi n'isi yose yagira uruhare muri politiki y'itabi n'isi yose kugira ngo igabanye iy'itabi.