Kuki hari amasegereti 20 mu gapaki kamwe?

Ibihugu byinshi bifite itegeko ryo kurwanya itabi rishyiraho umubare ntarengwa waagasanduku k'itabibishobora gushyirwa mu ipaki imwe.

Mu bihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko kuri ibi, ingano y'itabi ni 20, urugero muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (Amategeko agenga ishyirahamwe Umutwe wa 21 Sec. 1140.16) n'ibihugu bigize Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi (Amabwiriza y'Ibicuruzwa by'Itabi bya EU, 2014/40/EU). Amabwiriza y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi yashyizeho umubare ntarengwa waagasanduku k'itabikuri buri paki kugira ngo hongerwe ikiguzi cy’itabi mbere bityo bigatuma rigabanuka ku rubyiruko. 1. Mu buryo bunyuranye, nta mategeko menshi agenga ingano ntarengwa y’itabi, aho rihinduka hagati y’itabi 10 na 50 kuri buri paki. Amapaki 25 yazanywe muri Ositaraliya mu myaka ya 1970, kandi amapaki 30, 35, 40 na 50 yinjiye ku isoko buhoro buhoro mu myaka makumyabiri yakurikiyeho. 2. Muri Irilande, ingano y’amapaki arenga 20 yagiye yiyongera kuva kuri 0% by’ibyagurishijwe mu 2009 kugeza kuri 23% muri 2018. 3. Mu Bwongereza, amapaki 23 na 24 yazanywe nyuma yo gushyirwaho amapaki asanzwe (asanzwe). Ihereye kuri ubu bunararibonye, ​​Nouvelle-Zélande yategetse ko habaho ingano ebyiri gusa z’amapaki asanzwe (20 na 25) nk'igice cy’amategeko yayo agenga amapaki asanzwe 4.

Kuboneka kw'amapaki arengeje 20agasanduku ka itabini ingenzi cyane kubera ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana uruhare rw'ingano y'ibice mu ikoreshwa ry'ibindi bicuruzwa.

Gukoresha ibiryo biriyongera iyo abantu batanzwe ari benshi, ugereranije n’ibiryo bito, isuzuma ryakozwe na Cochrane rigaragaza ingaruka nto kugeza ku rugero rw’ingano y’ibiryo ku binyobwa n’ibinyobwa bidasembuye. 5. Isuzuma ryanasuzumye ibimenyetso bigaragaza ingaruka z’ingano y’ibiryo ku binyobwa. Ubushakashatsi butatu gusa ni bwo bwujuje ibisabwa, bwose bwibanze kuagasanduku ka itabiuburebure, nta bushakashatsi busuzuma ingaruka ku ikoreshwa ry'ipaki y'itabi. Ibura ry'ibimenyetso by'igerageza ni ikibazo, kuko kwiyongera kw'ipaki nini bishobora kubangamira iterambere ry'ubuzima rusange rigerwaho binyuze mu zindi politiki zo kurwanya itabi.

Kugeza ubu, intsinzi ya politiki yo kurwanya itabi mu bihugu byinshi yatewe ahanini no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’itabi binyuze mu bikorwa bishingiye ku biciro aho guteza imbere guhagarika itabi, aho igipimo cyo guhagarika itabi kiguma gihindagurika uko igihe kigenda gihita. 6. Iki kibazo gishimangira ko hakenewe politiki zishishikariza guhagarika itabi. Kugabanya umubare w’itabi ku munsi rikoreshwa n’abanywi b’itabi bishobora kuba ishingiro ry’ingenzi ryo kugerageza guhagarika itabi neza, kandi nubwo kongera ibiciro ari yo ngamba nziza cyane, izindi politiki zo kurwanya itabi nazo zabaye ingenzi mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ryaryo. 7. Ingendo zo kunywa itabi zagaragaje ko abanywi b’itabi bashobora kandi baratangije kandi bakomeje kugabanya ikoreshwa ryaryo mu bihugu byinshi. Urugero, mu myaka politiki zo kureka itabi zagendaga zishyirwa mu bikorwa mu kazi, abanywi b’itabi bari bafite amahirwe menshi yo kureka kunywa itabi mu kazi katagira itabi ugereranije n’abemereraga kunywa itabi. 8. Imibare yavuzwe yaagasanduku ka itabiKunywa itabi ku munsi nabyo byaragabanutse uko igihe cyagiye gihita muri Ositaraliya, mu Bwongereza no mu bindi bihugu byinshi (2002–07) 9.

Mu Bwongereza, amabwiriza y’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima n’Ubuvuzi (NICE) (inama z’igihugu zishingiye ku bimenyetso by’ubuvuzi) ashishikariza abanywa itabi kugabanya kunywa kuko bishobora kongera amahirwe yo kubireka. Ariko, hari impungenge ko guteza imbere kugabanya kunywa bishobora kubangamira guhagarika kunywa no kwanga gusubira inyuma 10. Isuzuma ryakozwe ku buryo bunoze ku ngamba zo guhagarika kunywa itabi ryagaragaje ko kugabanya mbere yo kubihagarika, cyangwa kubihagarika mu buryo butunguranye, byari bifite igipimo cyo kubihagarika ku banywa itabi bashaka kubireka 11. Igerageza ryakurikiyeho ryagaragaje ko kugabanya kunywa itabi mu buryo butunguranye bitari byiza nko guhagarika kunywa itabi mu buryo butunguranye 12; icyakora, abanditsi bavuze ko inama zo kugabanya kunywa itabi zishobora kuba ingirakamaro niba byongera uruhare mu gitekerezo cyo guhabwa inkunga. Impinduka mu bidukikije nko gufungaagasanduku ka itabiIngano y'ipaki ifite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyobwa uretse kumenya neza. Bityo, itanga amahirwe yo gutanga inyungu zo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibinyobwa ntagire icyo yirengagiza ku kugabanya ingaruka mbi binyuze mu kugabanya gusa. Intsinzi yagaragajwe na politiki yo gushyira ku rugero ntarengwa, n'umubare wemewe mu igurishwa rimwe, ry'ibindi binyobwa byangiza. Urugero, kugabanya umubare w'ibinini bigabanya ububabare kuri buri paki byagize akamaro mu gukumira impfu ziterwa no kwiyahura 13.

Iyi nkuru igamije gushingira ku isuzuma rya Cochrane rya 5 riherutse gukorwa, aho nta bushakashatsi bwabonetse ku ngaruka z'ingano y'itabi ku ikoreshwa ryaryo.

Mu gihe nta bimenyetso bifatika bihari, twagaragaje itandukaniro ririho mu kuboneka kwaagasanduku ka itabi ingano no gukora inyandiko zijyanye n'ibitekerezo bibiri by'ingenzi ku bunini bw'agapaki k'imigozi: 

(i) kugabanya ingano y'ipaki bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa; na (ii) kugabanya ikoreshwa bishobora kongera ihagarikwa ry'ikoreshwa. Ibura ry'ubushakashatsi bwo gupima bushyigikira ibi bitekerezo ntiribuza ko imbogamizi zikomeza kwiyongeraagasanduku ka itabiIngano z'amapaki (> 20) zishobora guteza imbere izindi politiki zo kurwanya itabi. Twemeza ko kwibanda ku mategeko ku ngano nto y'amapaki, hatabayeho gusuzuma niba hakwiye kubaho ingano ntarengwa y'amapaki, byatanze icyuho inganda z'itabi zishobora gukoresha. Dushingiye ku bimenyetso bitaziguye, dutanga igitekerezo cy'uko amabwiriza ya Leta yo kugabanya amapaki 20 y'itabi yagira uruhare muri politiki zo kurwanya itabi ku rwego rw'igihugu no ku isi kugira ngo bigabanye ikwirakwira ry'itabi.