Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Iterambere ryuzuye kuva ku mihango ya kera y'itabi kugeza ku itabi rigezweho rizingiye

Itabi ripfunyitse mu mpapuro rizwi n'abantu bo muri iki gihe ntiryari rihari kuva mu ntangiriro. Ahubwo, ryagiye rigaragara buhoro buhoro nyuma y'imyaka ibihumbi y'imigenzo y'itabi, udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, impinduramatwara mu nganda, n'impinduka mu mibanire y'abantu. Nubwo ikoreshwa ry'itabi ryatangiye mu myaka ibihumbi ishize, "itabi rya none" nyakuri ryakozwe nyuma y'ivumburwa ry'imashini zikora itabi mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Iyi nkuru igaragaza inkomoko y'itabi, isesengura ku buryo burambuye ihinduka ryuzuye ry'itabi kuva ku bintu bya kera by'imihango kugeza ku bicuruzwa by'inganda.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Igisubizo cyihuse: Ni ryari neza neza itabi ryavumbuwe?

Iyo dusobanuye "itabi rigezweho" nk'iry'itabi rikozwe mu mashini, ripfunyitse mu mpapuro, rifite imiterere imwe, rihamye mu miterere yaryo, kandi rikunze kuba rifite akayunguruzo, ivuka ryaryo rigira igihe nyacyo: Mu 1880, umuhanga w'umunyamerika James A. Bonsack yashoboye gukora imashini ya mbere ikora itabi, bituma habaho imashini ya mbere ikora itabi mu nganda nini cyane.

Ariko, dusubije amaso inyuma mu mateka, ikoreshwa ry'itabi ry'abantu ryabayeho mbere y'itabi rya none, rihinduka binyuze mu buryo butandukanye burimo imihango y'idini, imiyoboro, itabi, n'umwotsi. Bityo, "Itabi ryavumbuwe ryari?" risobanurwa neza nk'ikibazo cy'ubwihindurize bw'ibyiciro byinshi.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Ni iki abantu banywaga mbere yo kunywa itabi?

Mbere y'uko itabi rivuka, abantu bari basanzwe bakoresha itabi mu buryo butandukanye cyane. Abanyamerika kavukire ni bo ba mbere bazwi, bahumeka kandi bakarihekenya mu mihango y'idini, mu rwego rw'ubuvuzi, no mu materaniro y'imibanire—ibikorwa byabaye mu myaka ibihumbi ishize. Muri icyo gihe, itabi ryari ryubahwaga nk'ikimera cyera, cyizewe ko cyoroshya itumanaho n'imyuka mibi cyangwa kikavura indwara.

Nyuma y'igihe cy'ubuvumbuzi mu kinyejana cya 16, abakoloni b'i Burayi bazanye itabi mu Burayi, bituma habaho gukwirakwira vuba k'uburyo bushya bwo kurikoresha nk'imiyoboro, itabi ry'inka, n'itabi. "Kunywa itabi" muri icyo gihe byari bisa nkaho ari "kunywa itabi ukoresheje umuyoboro," mu gihe itabi ryazingirwaga mu mpapuro ntaho ryari risanzwe. Kubwibyo, iyo umuntu abajije ati "Ese abantu bo mu Burayi bwo mu gihe cya kera banywaga itabi?" igisubizo ni: hafi ya byose ntabwo byari bimeze, kuko itabi ryari ritaragera i Burayi muri icyo gihe.

Mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19, urufunzo, imiyoboro, n'itabi byabaye ubwoko bw'ibanze bwo kunywa itabi, mu gihe ubwoko bw'itabi busanzwe nabwo bwatangiye kugaragara muri icyo gihe.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Inkomoko y'itabi: Kuva ku mpapuro z'abasirikare kugeza ku "itabi" nyakuri

Itabi rya mbere ryakozwe mu mpapuro ryaturutse muri Esipanye no mu Bufaransa. Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18 kugeza mu ntangiriro zacyo za 19, abasirikare ba Esipanye bakunze kuzingira ibisigazwa by'itabi byasigaye mu mpapuro cyangwa mu mpapuro nto. Izi mpapuro zoroshye zifatwa nk'izibanjirije itabi rya mbere. Abasirikare b'Abafaransa bahise bakurikizaho, maze ijambo "itabi" rikundwa cyane mu ntambara ya Crimée.

Muri iki cyiciro, itabi ryakomeje gukoreshwa n'intoki, ubuziranenge bwaryo ntibuhindagurika, umusaruro waryo ni muke, kandi byari bigoye kurimenyekanisha. Bake gusa ni bo banywaga itabi ry'abakene, mu gihe itabi n'imiyoboro byakomeje kuba amahitamo akomeye ku bakomeye n'abantu bo mu rwego rwo hagati.

Kubwibyo, nubwo tudashobora kuvuga neza "uwanyoye itabi rya mbere," biragaragara ko itabi rya mbere ryapfunyitse mu mpapuro rishobora kuba ryaraturutse ku muco w'itabi ryakozwe n'intoki muri Esipanye kandi ryakwirakwiriye mu Burayi bwose binyuze mu basirikare.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Itabi rya none ryavutse koko mu 1880: Imashini y'itabi yahinduye byose

Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyahinduye iherezo ry’itabi cyabaye mu 1880. Ivumburwa rya James Bonsack ry’imashini ikora itabi ryashoboraga gukora amatabi amagana ku munota, mu gihe imashini zikora amatabi zashoboraga gukora amatabi amagana gusa ku munsi. Iri tandukaniro rikomeye mu bushobozi bwo gukora ryahinduye vuba itabi rihinduka ikintu gihendutse kandi kiboneka ku isoko rusange, gikwiriye kugurishwa mu nganda.

Umuryango w’Abanyamerika witwa Duke wahise ukorana na Bonsac, bashinga inganda nini z’itabi zahise zigarurira isoko rya Amerika mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20. Nyuma yaho, ibirango by’itabi byarakuze nk’ibihumyo nyuma y’imvura, bihindura itabi ibicuruzwa bigurishwa ku isoko rikomeye.

Nyuma ya 1880 ni bwo itabi ryinjiye mu "gihe cya none" by'ukuri.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Iterambere ry'itabi: Akayunguruzo, Menthol, Itabi ryoroheje, na E-Cigarettes

Bitewe n’inganda n’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, ibicuruzwa by’itabi byakomeje kunonosorwa. Itabi ryakoreshejwe mu kuyungurura ryatangiye kugaragara mu myaka ya 1920, rihita rikundwa cyane nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose. Ibigo byashyize imbere ikoranabuhanga rya kuyungurura nk’“rifite ubuzima bwiza” kandi “risukuye,” nubwo ibi byaje kugaragara ko nta shingiro bifite mu rwego rwa siyansi.

Imyaka yakurikiyeho, habayeho ikoreshwa ry’itabi rya menthol, itabi ryoroheje, n’itabi rirerire cyane kugira ngo rihuze n’ibyo abaguzi bakunze. Mu kinyejana cya 21, itabi rya elegitoroniki n’itabi ritatwikwa n’ubushyuhe byagaragaye nk’ubundi buryo bushya, bituma akamenyero ko “kunywa itabi” gahinduka ikoranabuhanga rishya.

Ese abantu bose banywaga itabi mu bihe byashize? Umuco wo kunywa itabi waratandukanye cyane mu bihe bitandukanye.

Abantu bakunze kwibaza bati: “Ese abantu bose banywaga itabi mu myaka ya za 1920?” cyangwa “Ese kunywa itabi byari ibintu bikunze kugaragara cyane mu myaka ya za 40?”

Mu by’ukuri, igipimo cy’itabi cyari hejuru cyane muri ibyo bihe, cyane cyane mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ibyamamare bya Hollywood, amatangazo y’imideli, n’ibiryo bya gisirikare byose byateje imbere umuco wo kunywa itabi. Ariko, igitekerezo cy’uko “umuntu wese anywa itabi” ni ugukabya—igipimo cy’itabi ry’abantu bakuru mu bihugu byinshi cyari hafi 40%, ntabwo ari 100%.

Abagore bo mu gihe cya Victoria kunywa itabi byafatwaga nk'ibidakwiriye, byaje kugaragara cyane mu kinyejana cya 20. Abantu bakomeye mu mateka nk'abami b'Abongereza nabo bavugwagaho kunywa itabi, kandi bamwe muri bo baracyari abantu bashishikajwe na rubanda kugeza n'uyu munsi.

Muri iki gihe, igipimo cy’itabi cyaragabanutse muri rusange, nubwo bimwe mu bihugu n’urubyiruko bigaragaza ko hari ihinduka ry’ihungabana rishingiye ku mitekerereze, umuco w’imbuga nkoranyambaga, kwamamaza itabi ry’ikoranabuhanga, n’imideli.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Kuva ku "Inyongeramusaruro ku Buzima" kugeza ku Kibazo cy'Ubuzima: Kumenya no Kugenzura Ingaruka z'Itabi

Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, itabi ryamamazwaga cyane nk'"ingirakamaro ku buzima," aho amwe mu masosiyete avuga ko "avura ububabare bwo mu muhogo." Kugeza mu myaka ya 1950, ubwo ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bwagaragazaga neza isano ikomeye hagati y'itabi na kanseri y'ibihaha, ni bwo isi yatangiye kongera gusuzuma ingaruka mbi zo kunywa itabi. Nyuma y'imyaka ya 1960, ibihugu byagiye bishyiraho amategeko akaze, harimo kubuza kwamamaza itabi, kuburira abantu ku buzima ku bipfunyika, kongera imisoro y'itabi, no kubuza kunywa itabi ahantu hahurira abantu benshi.

Urugero, itegeko ryo mu Bwongereza ryo mu 2007 ribuza kunywa itabi mu tubari ryabaye ihinduka rikomeye mu rugendo rw'Uburayi rugana ahantu hahurira abantu benshi hatarangwamo itabi.

Uko amategeko yagendaga atera imbere, gupfunyika itabi byahindutse cyane—byavuye ku isura y’ikirango bijya ku miburo ku buzima, ndetse binashyiraho uburyo busanzwe bwo gupfunyika itabi mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Iterambere ry'ibipfunyika by'itabi: Kuva ku mpapuro zoroshye kugeza ku gihe gishya cy'amakarito arambye

Amatabi yo hambere yakunze gupfunyikwa mu mpapuro zoroshye cyangwa mu macupa y'icyuma, akoreshwa mu mirimo y'ibanze. Kubera ko amatabi yateye imbere mu nganda, ibigo byatangiye gukoresha impapuro zipfunyitse neza kugira ngo bigaragare neza. Amakarito magufi kandi akomeye yarindaga itabi mu buryo bworoshye gutwara, aho imiterere yaryo yacapwe yabaye ingenzi mu irushanwa ry'ibirango.

Nyuma, amategeko agenga ubuzima ku isi yose yategetse ko habaho imiburo minini n'inyandiko ku bipfunyika, bigatera imiterere ihamye n'uburyo bumwe bwo gushushanya itabi.

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, amategeko agenga ibidukikije mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe yasabye ko ikoreshwa rya plastiki rigabanuka, bituma inganda z'itabi zikoresha ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu mpapuro no gukora ibikoresho birengera ibidukikije. Nk'uruganda rw'impapuro rwabigize umwuga, Fuliter ihuza n'iyi gahunda itanga ibisubizo birambye, byiza kandi bishobora guhindurwa mu dusanduku tw'impapuro ku biribwa, itabi, n'inganda zitandukanye za FMCG.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Inkuru z'amateka: Inyandiko zitangaje n'inkuru z'ukuri/ibinyoma ku itabi

Amateka yuzuyemo inkuru zitangaje ku itabi, nk'inkuru ivuga ngo “ni nde wanyoye itabi 800 icyarimwe?”—inyinshi muri zo zikaba zirimo ibintu by’ikinamico cyangwa ibikabya. Inkuru nk'izivuga ngo “umuntu ushaje cyane ku isi unywa itabi” zikunze gukoreshwa mu kuyobya rubanda—mu by’ukuri, kuba hari abantu bake banywa itabi igihe kirekire ntibihindura ubwumvikane bwa siyansi bw’uko kunywa itabi bifite ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima.

Nubwo nta shingiro rya siyansi rifite, inkuru nk'izo zigaragaza aho itabi riherereye mu muco waryo kandi zigahishura amatsiko n'impaka birambye ku bijyanye n'icyo gicuruzwa.

Isegereti zavumbuwe ryari?Incamake: Iterambere ryuzuye ry'itabi—Kuva ku bintu bya kera by'imihango kugeza ku bintu bishya bishya

Gusuzuma amateka y'itabi bigaragaza ko ritigeze riba ikintu kidahinduka. Ahubwo, ryakomeje gutera imbere hamwe no gukwirakwiza umuco, udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, intambara, kwamamaza, n'iterambere rya siyansi. Kuva ku bimera byera muri Amerika ya kera kugeza ku itabi ryakozwe n'abasirikare bo mu kinyejana cya 19, impinduramatwara y'inganda yazanywe n'imashini y'itabi ya Bonsack, ndetse n'iterambere ryakurikiyeho ry'amacungamutungo, itabi ryoroheje, itabi rya menthol, n'itabi rya elegitoroniki rigezweho, uburyo abantu bakoreshaga mu kunywa itabi bwarahindutse buri gihe.

Gusobanukirwa amateka y'itabi ntibigaragaza gusa ingaruka zaryo ku muco mpuzamahanga, ahubwo binagaragaza akamaro gakomeye k'ibyago n'amabwiriza ku buzima. Mu nganda zikora ibipfunyika muri iki gihe, ibipfunyika ubwabyo byabaye igice cy'ingenzi cy'urwego rw'itabi—kuva ku guhitamo ibikoresho no gushushanya ibyacapwe kugeza ku miburo ku buzima no ku bikorwa byo kubungabunga ibidukikije.

Niba ukeneye andi makuru ku bijyanye no gupfunyika impapuro ziramba, udusanduku tw’ibiribwa twagenewe, cyangwa ibindi bicuruzwa bifitanye isano, reba kataloge y’ibicuruzwa bya Fuliter. Dutanga ibisubizo byo gupfunyika byiza kandi bihuye n’amahame mpuzamahanga.

Amatagi: #agasanduku ko gupakira kabigenewe #agasanduku ko gupakira #agasanduku ko gupakira keza cyane