Itabi ni kimwe mu bicuruzwa bikunze kuvugwaho rumwe mu bantu ba none. Hari abantu babifata nk'ikimenyetso cy'imibereho, abandi bakabifata nk'aho ari uburyo bwo kugabanya imihangayiko. Ariko uko babibona kose, abantu benshi bibaza bati: Ni ryari itabi ryavumbuwe?
Mu by’ukuri, itabi si ikintu "cyaremwe" mu gihe runaka, ahubwo ni umusaruro w’impinduka zabaye buhoro buhoro mu myaka ibihumbi abantu bamaze bakoresha itabi.
Iyi nkuru izasesengura mu buryo burambuye inkomoko n'iterambere ry'itabi mu buryo butandukanye nko mu gihe cy'ibikorwa, udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, n'imibereho myiza.
Abanyamerika kavukire n'ikoreshwa ry'itabi rya mbere
Itabi ntiryari risanzwe rikoreshwa mu kwidagadura ahubwo ryari rifite akamaro mu by’idini, mu buvuzi no mu mihango. Ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bigaragaza ko Abanyamerika kavukire batangiye guhinga no gukoresha itabi ahagana mu myaka ya 3000 mbere ya Yesu.
Muri icyo gihe, itabi ryari risanzweho mu buryo bukurikira:
- Shyira itabi mu mababi y'ibimera hanyuma uricane (nk'itabi ry'umwimerere)
- Kunywa itabi ry'imiyoboro
- Bikoreshwa mu mihango yo gutamba ibitambo cyangwa kuvura
Izi myitwarire zashyizeho imiterere y'imyitwarire yo "guhumeka umwotsi", ariko hari hakiri urugendo rurerure mbere yuko ufatwa nk'itabi mu buryo bwa none.
Iterambere ry'itabi ku isi nyuma ya Columbus
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 15, hamwe n'ifungurwa ry'inzira nshya zo mu nyanja, itabi ryagaruwe i Burayi kandi rikwirakwira vuba muri ibi bikurikira:
- Esipanye
- Porutugali
- Ubufaransa
- Ubwongereza
Iza mbere zakunzwe cyane ni urufunzo n'imiyoboro, ntabwo ari itabi.
Ivuka ry'itabi ryakozwe n'intoki
Mu kinyejana cya 17, abasirikare bamwe b'i Burayi n'abasare batangiye gupfunyika itabi mu mpapuro no kurinywa.
Ubusanzwe iyi ifatwa nk'ubwoko bwa mbere bw'itabi, ariko iracyari mu buryo bw'ibanze kandi butari ubw'inganda.
Impinduramatwara mu nganda yahinduye byose
Niba hagomba gutangwa igihe gisobanutse neza cyo kuvumbura itabi, icyo gihe hagati kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 ni cyo gihe cy'ingenzi cyane.
Impamvu z'ingenzi zirimo:
Inganda zikora impapuro zirakuze.
Ubuhinzi bw'itabi ku rwego runini
Abaturage bo mu mijyi barimo kwiyongera cyane
Ubusabe bwo gushyiraho ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa buri kwiyongera
Iterambere rikomeye mu iterambere ry'inganda z'itabi
Mu 1880, havutse ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi:
Imashini ikora itabi yikora yavumbuwe na James Bonsack.
Iki gishya cyazanye iki?
Amajana y'itabi ashobora gukorwa buri munota
Igiciro cy'itabi cyagabanutse cyane
Itabi ryahindutse kuva ku "bukorikori bw'intoki" rijya ku "bintu by'ingenzi bya buri munsi"
Kuva icyo gihe, itabi mu buryo bwa none ryavutse ku mugaragaro.
Isano iri hagati y'intambara n'itabi
Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'iya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, itabi ryari ririmo ibikoresho bya gisirikare cyane.
Kugabanya imihangayiko y'abasirikare
Nk'igikoresho cyo gusabana no guhanahana amakuru
Ongera morale
Nyuma y'intambara, umubare munini w'abasirikare bagarutse ku ngeso yo kunywa itabi muri sosiyete sivile.
Kwamamaza, umuco no kubaka amashusho y'abagabo
Mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 20, kwamamaza itabi byagize ingaruka zikomeye:
Guhuza kunywa itabi n' "ubukure", "intsinzi" n' "ubwisanzure"
Abakinnyi ba filime bakunze kugaragara kuri kamera banywa itabi
Gunywa itabi kw'abagore biri kugenda bihinduka "ibigezweho" buhoro buhoro
Ibi bintu byagize uruhare mu gutuma itabi rikundwa ku isi yose.
Itabi si ibicuruzwa gusa ahubwo ni n'ibimenyetso by'imibereho myiza
Mu bihe bitandukanye by'amateka, itabi ryagaragaye:
Ibikoresho by'itumanaho ry'amadini
Ubushakashatsi bw'ubuvuzi
Imyitwarire myiza mu mibanire
Urwibutso rw'intambara
Imbaraga z'imari shingiro y'ubucuruzi
Gusobanukirwa amateka y’ubuvumbuzi bw’itabi bidufasha kubona neza impamvu ryagize ingaruka zikomeye ku muco w’isi mu gihe gito.
Muri make:
Itabi ntiryahimbwe, ahubwo ryaje kurangira mu kinyejana cya 19 ku bufasha bw'Impinduramatwara mu myaka ibihumbi y'ikoreshwa ry'itabi.
Isano iri hagati y'intambara n'itabi
Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'iya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, itabi ryari ririmo ibikoresho bya gisirikare cyane.
Kugabanya imihangayiko y'abasirikare
Nk'igikoresho cyo gusabana no guhanahana amakuru
Ongera morale
Nyuma y'intambara, umubare munini w'abasirikare bagarutse ku ngeso yo kunywa itabi muri sosiyete sivile.
Itabi si ikintu kimwe cyahimbwe ahubwo ni umusaruro w'impinduka z'igihe kirekire
Mu by'ukuri:
❌ itabi ntiryavumbuwe mu buryo butunguranye mu mwaka umwe
✅ Ni ingaruka z'uburyo bwo gukoresha itabi, ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga mu nganda byagiye byiyongera igihe kirekire.
Niba umwanzuro w'igihe ugomba gusobanurwa muri make, ushobora kumvikana muri ubu buryo:
Itabi ntiryari risanzwe rikoreshwa mu kwidagadura ahubwo ryari rifite akamaro mu by’idini, mu buvuzi no mu mihango. Ibimenyetso by’ubushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo bigaragaza ko Abanyamerika kavukire batangiye guhinga no gukoresha itabi ahagana mu myaka ya 3000 mbere ya Yesu.
Amajana y'itabi ashobora gukorwa buri munota
Igiciro cy'itabi cyagabanutse cyane
Itabi ryahindutse kuva ku "bukorikori bw'intoki" rijya ku "bintu by'ingenzi bya buri munsi"
Kuva icyo gihe, itabi mu buryo bwa none ryavutse ku mugaragaro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-23-2026