Kunywa itabi bikomeje kuba intandaro y’indwara n’impfu zishobora kwirindwa muri Kanada. Muri 2017, abantu barenga 47.000 bapfuye bazize ikoreshwa ry’itabi muri Kanada, aho bivugwa ko miliyari 6.1 z’amadolari y’ubuvuzi butaziguye na miliyari 12.3 z’amadorari yose hamwe.1 Mu Gushyingo 2019, amabwiriza yo gupakira ibicuruzwa by’itabi yatangiye gukurikizwa. y’ingamba z’itabi muri Kanada, igamije kugera ku ntego yo gukoresha itabi ritageze kuri 5% mu 2035.
Gupakira mubibaya byemejwe numubare wibihugu byiyongera kwisi yose. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2020, biragaragaraKanadagupakira itabiyashyizwe mu bikorwa byuzuye haba mubakora no kugurisha mubihugu 14: Ositaraliya (2012); Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza (2017); Nouvelle-Zélande, Noruveje, na Irilande (2018); Uruguay, na Tayilande (2019); Arabiya Sawudite, Turukiya, Isiraheli, na Sloweniya (Mutarama 2020); Kanada (Gashyantare 2020); na Singapore (Nyakanga 2020). Muri Mutarama 2022, Ububiligi, Hongiriya, n'Ubuholandi bizaba bimaze gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo gupakira neza.
Iyi raporo ikubiyemo incamake y'ibimenyetso byatanzwe n'umushinga mpuzamahanga wo gusuzuma itabi mpuzamahanga (ITC) ku bijyanye n'akamaro ko gupakira ibintu muri Kanada. Kuva mu 2002, umushinga wa ITC wakoze ubushakashatsi bw’igihe kirekire mu bihugu 29 hagamijwe gusuzuma ingaruka za politiki z’ingenzi zo kurwanya itabi ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima ku kurwanya itabi (OMS FCTC). Iyi raporo irerekana ibyagaragaye ku ngaruka ziterwa no gupakira muri Kanada hashingiwe ku makuru yakusanyijwe n'abantu banywa itabi mbere (2018) na nyuma ya (2020) hashyizweho ikibayaKanadagupakira itabi. Amakuru aturuka muri Kanada aratangwa kandi hamwe namakuru yaturutse mu bindi bihugu bigera kuri 25 bya ITC Umushinga - harimo Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, na Nouvelle-Zélande, aho na byo byashyizwe mu bikorwa.
Ibipfunyika byo mu kibaya byagabanije cyane gupakira - 45% by'abanywa itabi ntibakundaga kugaragara kw'ipaki y'itabi nyumaKanada gupakira itabiyatangijwe, ugereranije na 29% mbere y’amategeko Unlik Iyi raporo yateguwe n’umushinga ITC muri kaminuza ya Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, na Geoffrey T. Fong. Twishimiye ibitekerezo byatanzwe na Cynthia Callard, Abaganga bo muri Kanada itagira umwotsi; Rob Cunningham, Umuryango wa Kanseri wo muri Kanada; na Francis Thompson, HealthBridge ku mbanzirizamushinga y'iyi raporo. Igishushanyo mbonera n'imiterere byatanzwe na Sonya Lyon wo muri Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Ndashimira Brigitte Meloche kuba yaratanze serivisi z'ubuhinduzi bw'igifaransa; na toNadia Martin, ITC Umushinga wo guhindura igifaransa gusubiramo no guhindura. Inkunga yatanzwe muri iyi raporo yatanzwe na gahunda y’ubuzima yo muri Kanada ikoreshwa n’ibiyobyabwenge (SUAP) Gahunda # 2021-HQ-000058. Ibitekerezo byavuzwe hano ntabwo byanze bikunze byerekana ibitekerezo byubuzima bwa Canada.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ITC Bane mu Gihugu cyo Kunywa itabi no gufata Vaping byatewe inkunga n’inkunga yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’Amerika gishinzwe kanseri (P01 CA200512), Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ubuzima muri Kanada (FDN-148477), n’inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ubuzima n’ubuvuzi muri Ositaraliya (APP 1106451). Inkunga y'inyongera itangwa na Geoffrey T. Fong n'impano nkuru y'iperereza yatanzwe n'ikigo cya Ontario gishinzwe ubushakashatsi kuri kanseri.
Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibicuruzwa bipfunyika itabi (bizwi kandi ko bipfunyika bisanzwe) bitangwa hakurikijwe itegeko ry’itabi n’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga (TVPA) 4, ryagize ubugororangingo ryemejwe ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2018 mu rwego rw’amategeko kugira ngo hagabanuke umutwaro ukomeye w’urupfu rw’itabi n'indwara muri Kanada. IkibayaKanadagupakira itabiigamije kugabanya ubujurire bw’ibicuruzwa by’itabi kandi byashyizweho hashingiwe ku mabwiriza agenga ibicuruzwa by’itabi 2019 (Ibibaya n’ibisanzwe bigaragara) 5 nkimwe muri politiki yuzuye igamije kugera ku ntego yo gukoresha itabi ritageze kuri 5% mu 2035 hakurikijwe ingamba z’itabi muri Kanada. .
Amabwiriza akurikizwa mu gupakira ibicuruzwa byose byitabi, harimo itabi ryakozwe, kuzunguza ibicuruzwa byawe bwite (itabi ryirekuye, imiyoboro hamwe nimpapuro zizunguruka zigenewe gukoreshwa n’itabi), sigara na sigari nto, itabi ryo mu miyoboro, itabi ridafite umwotsi, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bishyushye.E. -ibitabi / ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ntabwo bikubiye muri aya mabwiriza, kubera ko bidashyizwe mu rwego rw'ibicuruzwa by'itabi munsi ya TVPA.
4 Gupakira mu itabi, itabi rito, ibicuruzwa by'itabi bigenewe gukoreshwa n'ibikoresho, n'ibindi bicuruzwa byose by'itabi byatangiye gukurikizwa ku rwego rw'abakora ibicuruzwa / abatumiza mu mahanga ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2019, igihe cy'iminsi 90 y'inzibacyuho ku bacuruza itabi bakubahiriza. Ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2020. Gupakira ikibaya cya sigari byatangiye gukurikizwa ku rwego rw’abakora / abatumiza mu mahanga ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2020, igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’iminsi 180 ku bacuruza itabi bakubahiriza bitarenze ku ya 8 Gicurasi 2021.5, 8
Kanada gupakira itabiamabwiriza yavuzwe nkayuzuye kwisi, ashyiraho umubare wibintu byisi yose (reba agasanduku 1). Ibicuruzwa byose byitabi bigomba kuba bifite ibara ryijimye ryijimye, ridafite ibimenyetso byihariye kandi bishimishije, hamwe no kwerekana inyandiko yemewe ahantu hasanzwe, imyandikire, ibara, nubunini. Ibiti by'itabi ntibishobora kurenza urugero rwihariye kubugari n'uburebure; kugira ikirango icyo ari cyo cyose; na butt impera ya filteri igomba kuba iringaniye kandi ntishobora kugira ikiruhuko.Kanada gupakira itabibizashyirwa ku murongo wa slide na shell kurwego rwabakora / abatumiza mu mahanga guhera ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2021 (abadandaza bafite kugeza ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2022 kubahiriza), bityo babuza paki zifunguye hejuru. Igishushanyo cya 1 cyerekana igicapo hamwe nigikonoshwa hamwe nibisanzweKanada gupakira itabi aho ubutumwa bwamakuru yubuzima bugaragarira inyuma yububiko bwimbere iyo paki ifunguye. Kanada nicyo gihugu cya mbere kwisi gisaba slide na shell bipakira KANDI nicyo cyambere gisaba ubutumwa bwimbere mu gihugu.
Kanadagupakira itabiamabwiriza niyo akomeye kwisi kandi yambere kuri:
• Buza ikoreshwa ryabasobanuzi b'amabara mubirango byose n'amazina atandukanye
• Saba urupapuro rwerekana urupapuro rwerekana itabi
• Saba ibara ry'umukara imbere imbere yo gupakira
• Kubuza itabi kurenza 85mm
• Buza itabi rito ritarenze 7,65mm z'umurambararo
Isi yose yashyizweho n amategeko agenga gupakira muri Kanada
Kanada ntiyashyize mu bikorwa umuburo mushya kandi munini w’ubuzima (PHWs) ku gapaki y’itabi hamwe n’amabwiriza asanzwe yo gupakira, nkuko bisabwa n’ibindi bihugu birimo Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, na Nouvelle-Zélande. Ariko,Ipaki y'itabi muri Kanadaimiburo (75% byimbere ninyuma) izaba nini cyane kwisi ukurikije ubuso bwubuso mugihe igenamigambi ryateganijwe hamwe nigikonoshwa ritangira gukurikizwa mu Gushyingo 2021. Ubuzima bwa Canada burimo burangiza gahunda yo gushyira mubikorwa byinshi byo kuburira ubuzima. kubicuruzwa byitabi bizasabwa kuzunguruka nyuma yigihe cyagenwe.9 Igicapo 2 kirerekana ingengabihe yo gupakira neza muri Kanada bijyanye na ITC Four Country Itabi n’Ubushakashatsi bw’itabi, bitanga amakuru kuri iyi raporo.
Iyi raporo irerekana amakuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na ITC muri Kanada mbere na nyuma yo gupakira ibicuruzwa byashyizwe mu bikorwa ku rwego rw’ubucuruzi ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2020. Ubushakashatsi bw’itabi rya ITC muri Kanada, igice cy’ubushakashatsi bunini bw’itabi rya ITC mu bihugu bine, ikaba yaranakozwe mu buryo buhuye n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Amerika, Ositaraliya, n’Ubwongereza, ni ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu itsinda ry’abantu bakuze banywa itabi n’abasaperi bashakishwa mu mbuga za interineti z’igihugu muri buri gihugu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku minota 45 kuri interineti bwarimo ibibazo bifitanye isano no gusuzuma ibipapuro bisanzwe, byakoreshejwe n'umushinga ITC mu gusuzuma ibipfunyika bisanzwe muri Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Nouvelle-Zélande, n'Ubufaransa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ITC muri Kanada bwakorewe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu rwego rw’igihugu ku bantu 4600 banywa itabi bakuze barangije ubushakashatsi muri 2018 (mbere yo gupakira neza), 2020 (nyuma yo gupakira neza), cyangwa mu myaka yombi. ibindi bihugu bya ITC (Ositaraliya na Amerika) aho ubushakashatsi nk'ubwo bwakorewe mu gihe kimwe, kandi butandukanye bitewe n’imiterere y’amategeko y’ipakira ry’itabi hamwe n’ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho impinduka muri PHW (reba Imbonerahamwe 1) .i Ibiranga ababajijwe mu Kanada, Ositaraliya, na Amerika byavunaguye mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Raporo irerekana kandi igereranya ry’ibihugu byerekeranye n’ingamba zatoranijwe zagaragaye muri politiki muri Kanada ndetse no mu bindi bihugu bigera kuri 25. ITC.ii
Ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo gutoranya no gukora ubushakashatsi muri buri gihugu bitangwa muri ITC Bane mu Gihugu Itabi no Kunywa Vaping
raporo ya tekiniki, iboneka kuri:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Umushinga ITC wasohoye mbere raporo ku ngaruka zo gupakira neza muri Nouvelle-Zélande18 n'Ubwongereza19. Kazoza ka siyanse ya ITC kazerekana isesengura ryimbitse ku ngaruka ziterwa no gupakira ibicuruzwa muri Kanada no mu bindi bihugu, ndetse no kugereranya ingaruka za politiki mu bihugu byose bya ITC byashyize mu bikorwaKanadagupakira itabi.Itandukaniro rito hagati y'ibisubizo byatangarijwe muri Kanada mu mpapuro za siyansi ziri imbere n'ibisubizo byatangajwe muri iyi nyandiko biterwa no gutandukanya uburyo bwo guhindura imibare, ariko ntuhindure uburyo rusange bw'ibyagaragaye.ii.
Ibisubizo bya 2020 muri Kanada byatanzwe mu mibare yambukiranya ibihugu bishobora gutandukana gato n’ibisubizo bya 2020 mu mibare miremire igaragara muri iyi raporo kubera itandukaniro ryuburyo bwo guhindura imibare kuri buri bwoko bwisesengura.iii
Mugihe cyo gusuzuma ibicuruzwa byapakiye muri Kanada, paki nyinshi zicururizwamo zari muburyo bwa flip top, hamwe na slide na shell iboneka kumubare muto wibirango Imwe mumigambi yingenzi yo gupakira neza ni ukugabanya ubwiza n'ubujurire bw'ibicuruzwa by'itabi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bihugu bitandukanye bwerekanye ko udupfunyika tw’itabi dusanzwe tudashimisha abanywa itabi kuruta udupapuro twanditseho.12-16
Ubushakashatsi bwa ITC bwerekanye ko habaye ubwiyongere bugaragara ku ijanisha ry’abanywa itabi bo muri Kanada basanze ipaki y’itabi “idashimishije na gato” nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa Kanadagupakira itabi.Uku kugabanuka gukomeye kw’ubujurire kwari gutandukanye n’ibindi bihugu byombi bigereranya - Ositaraliya na Amerika - aho nta cyahindutse ku ijanisha ry’abanywa itabi basanze ipaki y’itabi “ridashimishije na gato”.
Habayeho kwiyongera cyane ku ijanisha ry’abanywa itabi bavuze ko badakunda isura y’ipaki yabo y’itabi nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipfunyika bisanzwe muri Kanada (kuva kuri 29% muri 2018 bikagera kuri 45% muri 2020). Ubujurire bw'ipaki bwari buke cyane muri Ositaraliya (aho gupakira bisanzwe byari byashyizwe mu bikorwa hamwe na PHW nini muri 2012), aho abarenga bibiri bya gatatu by'abanywa itabi bavuga ko badakunda isura y'ipaki yabo muri 2018 (71%) na 2020 (69%). Ibinyuranye na byo, ijanisha ry’abanywa itabi bavuze ko badakunda isura y’ipaki ryabo ryakomeje kuba rito muri Amerika (9% muri 2018 na 12% muri 2020), aho kuburira ari inyandiko gusa kandi gupakira neza ntibyashyizwe mu bikorwa ( reba Ishusho 3).
Ibi bisubizo bihuye n’ibyavuye mu mushinga wa ITC byerekana ko hiyongereyeho umubare w’abanywa itabi badakunda isura y’ipaki yabo nyuma yo gupakira ibicuruzwa byashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Ositaraliya (kuva kuri 44% muri 2012 bikagera kuri 82% muri 2013) 17, Nouvelle-Zélande ( kuva kuri 50% muri 2016-17 kugeza 75% muri 2018) 18, n'Ubwongereza (kuva 16% muri 2016 kugeza 53% muri 2018) .19
Ibyagezweho muri iki gihe kandi byiyongera ku bimenyetso bivuye mu bushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara byerekana kugabanuka gukabije mu bujurire nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipapuro bisanzwe hamwe na PHW nini muri Ositaraliya20, 21 n'ingaruka nziza zaKanadagupakira itabikugabanya kugabanya ubujurire bwa pack hejuru no kongera ubunini bwa PHW mubwongereza.22
Ubundi bushakashatsi buherutse gusuzuma ingaruka ziterwa no gupakira neza mubwongereza na Noruveje hakoreshejwe ingamba zashizweho n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na ITC butanga ikindi kimenyetso cyerekana ko ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ibikoresho bisanzwe hamwe na PHW nini nini byongera imbaraga zo kuburira no gukora neza birenze ibishobora kugerwaho ushyira mu bikorwa ibipapuro bisanzwe nta mpinduka kuburira ubuzima. Mbere yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipfunyika bisanzwe, ibihugu byombi byari bifite umuburo w’ubuzima ku gapaki y’itabi (43% byanditse imbere, 53% PHW inyuma).
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipfunyika bisanzwe hamwe na PHW nini nini (65% byimbere ninyuma) mubwongereza, habayeho kwiyongera cyane mubanywa itabi kubona, gusoma, no gutekereza kubaburira, batekereza kubibazo byubuzima bwitabi, kwirinda imyitwarire, kureka itabi, no kuba ushobora kubireka kubera umuburo.
Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, habaye igabanuka rikomeye mu kubona, gusoma, no kureba neza umuburo, gutekereza ku ngaruka ziterwa n'ubuzima bw'itabi, kandi birashoboka cyane ko wabireka kubera umuburo hagati y'abanywa itabi muri Noruveje, aho wasangaga ibipfunyika bisanzwe nta gihindutse kuburira ubuzima.23 Uburyo butandukanye bwibisubizo bigaragara mu Bwongereza ugereranije na Noruveje birabigaragazaKanada gupakira itabibyongera imbaraga zo kuburira ibishushanyo binini byerekana amashusho, ariko ntibishobora kongera ingaruka zinyandiko zishaje / kuburira amashusho
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-15-2024