Ikoreshwa ry'itabi rikomeje kuba impamvu ikomeye itera indwara n'impfu bishobora kwirindwa muri Kanada. Mu 2017, impfu zirenga 47.000 zatewe n'ikoreshwa ry'itabi muri Kanada, aho amafaranga agera kuri miliyari 6.1 z'amadolari ya Amerika yakoreshejwe mu kwivuza mu buryo butaziguye na miliyari 12.3 z'amadolari ya Amerika yakoreshejwe muri rusange.1 Mu Gushyingo 2019, amabwiriza asanzwe yo gupfunyika ibikomoka ku itabi yatangiye gukurikizwa nk'igice cya Gahunda y'itabi muri Kanada, igamije kugera ku ntego yo gukoresha itabi munsi ya 5% bitarenze umwaka wa 2035.
Gupakira ibintu bisanzwe byatangiye gukoreshwa n'ibihugu byinshi ku isi. Guhera muri Nyakanga 2020, ibintu bisanzweKanadaipaki y'itabibyashyizwe mu bikorwa byuzuye haba ku rwego rw'uruganda n'ubucuruzi mu bihugu 14: Ositaraliya (2012); Ubufaransa n'Ubwongereza (2017); Nouvelle-Zélande, Noruveje, na Irilande (2018); Urugayi, na Tayilande (2019); Arabiya Sawudite, Turukiya, Isiraheli, na Siloveniya (Mutarama 2020); Kanada (Gashyantare 2020); na Singapuru (Nyakanga 2020). Bitarenze Mutarama 2022, Ububiligi, Hongiriya, n'Ubuholandi bizaba byashyize mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bisanzwe.
Iyi raporo ikubiyemo ibimenyetso bivuye mu mushinga Mpuzamahanga wo Gusuzuma Politiki yo Kurwanya Itabi (ITC) ku bijyanye n'akamaro k'ipaki isanzwe muri Kanada. Kuva mu 2002, Umushinga wa ITC wakoze ubushakashatsi bw'igihe kirekire mu bihugu 29 kugira ngo usuzume ingaruka za politiki z'ingenzi zo kurwanya itabi nk'uko byagaragajwe n'Amasezerano y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima ku Kurwanya Itabi (WHO FCTC). Iyi raporo igaragaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo gupaki isanzwe muri Kanada hashingiwe ku makuru yakusanyijwe n'abantu bakuru banywa itabi mbere ya (2018) na nyuma ya (2020) ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ipaki isanzwe.Kanadaipaki y'itabiAmakuru aturuka muri Kanada agaragazwa mu buryo burambuye hamwe n’amakuru aturuka mu bindi bihugu bigera kuri 25 by’umushinga wa ITC — harimo Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, na Nouvelle-Zélande, aho na ho hashyizwe mu bikorwa ipaki isanzwe.
Gupfunyika bisanzwe byagabanyije cyane ubwiza bw'ipaki - 45% by'abanywa itabi ntibishimiye imiterere y'ipaki yabo y'itabi nyuma y'uko ipaki isanzweKanada ipaki y'itabiyashyizwe ahagaragara, ugereranyije na 29% mbere y’amategeko Unlik Iyi raporo yateguwe n’Umushinga wa ITC muri Kaminuza ya Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, na Geoffrey T. Fong. Turashimira ibitekerezo bya Cynthia Callard, Abaganga bashinzwe Canada idafite itabi; Rob Cunningham, Umuryango wa Cancer muri Kanada; na Francis Thompson, HealthBridge ku mbanzirizamushinga z’iyi raporo. Igishushanyo mbonera n’imiterere byatanzwe na Sonya Lyon wo muri Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. Turashimira Brigitte Meloche ku gutanga serivisi zo guhindura mu Gifaransa; na Nadia Martin, Umushinga wa ITC wo gusuzuma no gutunganya ubuhinduzi mu Gifaransa. Inkunga y’iyi raporo yatanzwe na Gahunda ya Health Canada yo Gukoresha Ibiyobyabwenge no Kunywa Ibiyobyabwenge (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. Ibitekerezo byatanzwe hano ntabwo ari ngombwa ko bihagararira ibitekerezo bya Health Canada.
Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no kunywa itabi no kunywa itabi mu bihugu bine bwatewe inkunga n’inkunga yatanzwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cya Kanseri cya Amerika (P01 CA200512), Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Buzima cya Kanada (FDN-148477), n’Inama y’Igihugu y’Ubushakashatsi ku Buzima n’Ubuvuzi ya Ositaraliya (APP 1106451). Inkunga y’inyongera ihabwa Geoffrey T. Fong itangwa n’Inkunga y’Umushakashatsi Mukuru yatanzwe n’Ikigo cya Ontario cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Kanseri.
Urwego rushinzwe kugenzura ipaki y’itabi (izwi kandi nka pakingi isanzwe) ruteganywa n’Itegeko ry’Ibicuruzwa by’itabi n’Ubworozi (TVPA)4, ryavuguruwe ku ya 23 Gicurasi 2018 nk’urwego rw’amategeko rugamije kugabanya umutwaro ukomeye w’impfu n’indwara ziterwa n’itabi muri Kanada.Kanadaipaki y'itabiigamije kugabanya ubwinshi bw'ibikomoka ku itabi kandi yashyizweho hakurikijwe amabwiriza agenga ibikomoka ku itabi yo mu 2019 (Isura isanzwe n'iyemewe)5 nk'imwe muri politiki zirambuye zo gufasha kugera ku ntego yo gukoresha itabi munsi ya 5% bitarenze 2035 hakurikijwe ingamba za Kanada zo kurwanya itabi.
Amabwiriza areba gupakira ibicuruzwa byose by'itabi, harimo n'itabi ryakorewe mu nganda, kuzingira ibicuruzwa byawe bwite (itabi ridafite isuku, imiyoboro n'impapuro zo kuzingira byagenewe gukoreshwa n'itabi), itabi rito n'itabi rito, itabi ry'imiyoboro, itabi ridafite umwotsi, n'itabi rishyushye. Ibicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki/vaping ntibirebwa n'aya mabwiriza, kuko bitashyizwe mu byiciro by'ibicuruzwa by'itabi hakurikijwe TVPA.
4 Amapaki asanzwe y’itabi, itabi rito, ibikomoka ku itabi bigenewe gukoreshwa n’ibikoresho, n’ibindi bikomoka ku itabi byose byatangiye gukurikizwa ku rwego rw’uruganda/utumiza ku isoko ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2019, hamwe n’igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’iminsi 90 ku bacuruzi b’itabi bagomba kubahiriza bitarenze ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2020. Amapaki asanzwe y’itabi yatangiye gukurikizwa ku rwego rw’uruganda/utumiza ku isoko ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2020, hamwe n’igihe cy’inzibacyuho cy’iminsi 180 ku bacuruzi b’itabi bagomba kubahiriza bitarenze ku ya 8 Gicurasi 2021.5, 8
Kanada ipaki y'itabiAmategeko yavuzwe ko ari yo yuzuye cyane ku isi, ashyiraho ibintu byinshi ku isi yose (reba Agasanduku ka 1). Amapaki yose y'ibicuruzwa by'itabi agomba kuba afite ibara ry'umukara wijimye, nta bintu bidasanzwe kandi bikurura, kandi hagomba kugaragara inyandiko yemewe ahantu hasanzwe, inyuguti, ibara, n'ingano. Uduti tw'itabi ntidushobora kurenza ingano zagenwe ku bugari n'uburebure; dufite ikirango icyo ari cyo cyose; kandi impera y'akayunguruzo igomba kuba irambuye kandi ntishobora kugira aho ihurira.Kanada ipaki y'itabibizashyirwaho hakurikijwe imiterere ya slide na shell ku rwego rw'uwakoze/uwatumije ibicuruzwa kuva ku ya 9 Ugushyingo 2021 (abacuruzi bafite kugeza ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2022 kugira ngo bakurikize ibyo basabwa), bityo bagahagarika amapaki afite umwanya wo hejuru. Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza slide na shell packing bifite plainKanada ipaki y'itabi aho ubutumwa bw'ubuzima bugaragara inyuma y'ipaki y'imbere iyo ipaki ifunguwe. Kanada ni cyo gihugu cya mbere ku isi cyasabye ipaki y'amashusho n'amashusho KANDI ni cyo cya mbere cyasabye ubutumwa bw'ubuzima bw'imbere.
Kanadaipaki y'itabiAmabwiriza ni yo akomeye ku isi kandi ni yo ya mbere kuri:
• Kubuza ikoreshwa ry'amabara mu mazina yose y'ibirango n'andi mazina atandukanye
• Gusaba uburyo bwo gupfunyikamo itabi hakoreshejwe slide n'igikonoshwa
• Gukenera ibara ry'umukara ryijimye imbere mu ipaki
• Kubuza itabi kurenza 85mm
• Kubuza itabi ryoroheje rifite umurambararo uri munsi ya mm 7.65
Ingero ku isi yose zashyizweho n'amategeko asanzwe yo gupakira ibicuruzwa muri Kanada
Kanada ntiyigeze ishyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza mashya kandi manini yerekeye ubuzima (PHWs) ku mapaki y'itabi hamwe n'amabwiriza asanzwe yo gupakira, nk'uko bisabwa n'ibindi bihugu birimo Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa na Nouvelle-Zélande. Ariko,Ipaki y'itabi yo muri Kanadaimburira (75% by'imbere n'inyuma) izaba nini ku isi mu bijyanye n'ubuso bwose bw'ubutaka igihe imiterere y'imburira n'isukari itegetswe izatangira gukurikizwa mu Gushyingo 2021. Ubuzima bwa Canada burimo kurangiza gahunda zo gushyira mu bikorwa amatsinda menshi y'imburira nshya ku buzima ku bicuruzwa by'itabi bizakenerwa gusimburana nyuma y'igihe runaka.9 Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza igihe cyo gupakira muri Kanada ukurikije ubushakashatsi bwa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys, butanga amakuru y'iyi raporo.
Iyi raporo igaragaza amakuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa ITC Canada ku bijyanye no kunywa itabi no kunywa itabi mbere na nyuma yuko ipaki isanzwe ishyizwe mu bikorwa ku rwego rw'ubucuruzi ku ya 7 Gashyantare 2020. ITC Canada Canada Ishinzwe Kunywa itabi no kunywa itabi, igice cy'ubushakashatsi bunini bwa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey, bwanakozwe hamwe n'ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu matsinda muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ositaraliya, n'Ubwongereza, ni ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu matsinda y'abantu bakuru banywa itabi n'abanywa itabi bakuwe mu matsinda y'ibihugu muri buri gihugu. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri interineti bw'iminota 45 bwari bufite ibibazo bijyanye no gusuzuma ipaki isanzwe, byakoreshejwe n'umushinga wa ITC mu gusuzuma ipaki isanzwe muri Ositaraliya, Ubwongereza, Nouvelle-Zélande, n'Ubufaransa. Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no kunywa itabi no kunywa itabi muri ITC Canada bwakozwe mu cyiciro cy’abantu bakuru 4600 banywa itabi barangije ubushakashatsi mu 2018 (mbere yo gupakira isanzwe), 2020 (nyuma yo gupakira isanzwe), cyangwa mu myaka yombi. Amakuru y’igihe kirekire yavuye muri Kanada agereranywa n’amakuru yavuye mu bindi bihugu bibiri bya ITC (Ositaraliya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) aho ubushakashatsi nk’ubwo bwakozwe mu gihe kimwe, kandi butandukanye mu miterere y’amategeko agenga gupakira itabi n’ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho impinduka mu baganga badafite ubumuga (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Ibimenyetso by’ababajijwe muri Kanada, Ositaraliya na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bikubiye mu Imbonerahamwe ya 2. Raporo kandi igaragaza igereranya ry’amakuru mu bihugu bitandukanye ku ngaruka za politiki zatoranijwe muri Kanada no mu bindi bihugu bigera kuri 25 bya ITC.
Ibisobanuro birambuye ku buryo bwo gufata ingero n'uburyo bwo gukora ubushakashatsi muri buri gihugu bigaragazwa mu bushakashatsi bwa ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.
Raporo za tekiniki, ziboneka kuri:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Umushinga wa ITC washyize ahagaragara raporo ku ngaruka zo gupakira ibintu bisanzwe muri Nouvelle-Zélande18 no mu Bwongereza19. Inyandiko z’ubushakashatsi za ITC zizaza zigaragaza isesengura ryimbitse ry’ingaruka zo gupakira ibintu bisanzwe muri Kanada no mu bindi bihugu, ndetse no kugereranya ingaruka za politiki mu bihugu byose bya ITC byashyize mu bikorwa ibintu bisanzwe.Kanadaipaki y'itabi.Itandukaniro rito hagati y’ibyavuye muri Kanada byatanzwe mu nyandiko za siyansi zizasohoka n’ibyavuye muri iyi nyandiko ni ukubera itandukaniro mu buryo bwo kuvugurura imibare, ariko ntibihindura imiterere rusange y’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. ii.
Ibisubizo bya Kanada byo mu 2020 byagaragajwe mu mibare yo mu bihugu bitandukanye bishobora gutandukana gato n'ibyavuye mu mibare yo mu 2020 mu mibare y'igihe kirekire yagaragajwe muri iyi raporo bitewe n'itandukaniro mu buryo bwo kuvugurura imibare kuri buri bwoko bw'isesengura.
Mu gihe cyo gusuzuma ipaki yo gupakira muri Kanada, ipaki nyinshi zo mu maduka zari mu buryo bwa flip top, aho slide na shell format byabonekaga ku bicuruzwa bike gusa. Imwe mu ntego z'ingenzi zo gupakira itabi ni ukugabanya ubwiza n'uburanga bw'ibicuruzwa by'itabi.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu bihugu bitandukanye bwagaragaje ko amapaki y’itabi asanzwe adakurura cyane abanywi b’itabi kurusha amapaki y’ikirango.12-16
Ubushakashatsi bwa ITC bwagaragaje ko hari ukwiyongera gukomeye mu kigero cy’abanywa itabi b’Abanyakanada basanze ipaki yabo y’itabi “itari nziza na gato” nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa kwa Kanadaipaki y'itabi.Uku kugabanuka gukomeye kw'ubwitabire kwari gutandukanye n'ibindi bihugu bibiri bigereranya - Ositaraliya na Amerika - aho nta cyahindutse mu kigereranyo cy'abanywa itabi basanze ipaki yabo y'itabi "itari nziza na gato".
Hari ukwiyongera gukomeye kw'ijanisha ry'abanywa itabi bavuze ko badakunda uko ipaki yabo y'itabi iteye nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa byo gupakira muri Kanada (kuva kuri 29% mu 2018 kugeza kuri 45% mu 2020). Kuzamuka kw'ipaki byari hasi cyane muri Ositaraliya (aho gupakira bisanzwe byari byarashyizwe mu bikorwa hamwe n'abanywa itabi benshi mu 2012), aho abarenga bibiri bya gatatu by'abanywa itabi bavuze ko badakunze uko ipaki yabo iteye mu 2018 (71%) na 2020 (69%). Mu buryo bunyuranye, ijanisha ry'abanywa itabi bavuze ko badakunda uko ipaki yabo iteye ryakomeje kuba hasi muri Amerika (9% mu 2018 na 12% mu 2020), aho imiburo ari iyo mu nyandiko gusa kandi gupakira bisanzwe bitarashyirwa mu bikorwa (reba Ishusho ya 3).
Ibi bisubizo bihuye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa ITC Project bwabanjirije ubu bigaragaza ukwiyongera kw’umubare w’abanywi b’itabi batakundaga uko ipaki yabo iteye nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa muri Ositaraliya (kuva kuri 44% mu 2012 kugera kuri 82% mu 2013)17, Nouvelle-Zélande (kuva kuri 50% mu 2016-17 kugera kuri 75% mu 2018)18, no mu Bwongereza (kuva kuri 16% mu 2016 kugera kuri 53% mu 2018).19
Ibyavuye muri ubu binagaragaza ibimenyetso byavuye mu bushakashatsi bwasohotse bwerekana ko hagabanutse cyane ubwinshi bw’amapaki nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ipaki isanzwe irimo PHW nini muri Ositaraliya20, 21 ndetse n’ingaruka nziza zaKanadaipaki y'itabiku kugabanya ubwinshi bw'abakora PHW mu Bwongereza, kongera umubare w'abakora PHW mu Bwongereza.22
Ubundi bushakashatsi buherutse gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibipfunyika bisanzwe mu Bwongereza na Noruveje hakoreshejwe ingamba zashyizweho n’ubushakashatsi bwa ITC butanga ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko gushyira mu bikorwa ibipfunyika bisanzwe hamwe na PHW nshya nini byongera imbaraga zo kuburira no gukora neza kurusha uko byagerwaho hakoreshejwe ibipfunyika bisanzwe nta mpinduka ku miburo ku buzima. Mbere yo gushyira mu bikorwa ibipfunyika bisanzwe, ibihugu byombi byari bifite imiburo imwe ku buzima ku bipfunyika by’itabi (43% by’inyandiko z’ubuhamya imbere, 53% by’ubuhamya inyuma).
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa ipaki isanzwe hamwe n’udukoko dushya twa PHW (65% by’imbere n’inyuma) mu Bwongereza, habayeho ukwiyongera gukomeye mu banywa itabi babonye, basoma kandi batekereza ku miburo, batekereza ku ngaruka zo kunywa itabi ku buzima, imyitwarire yo kwirinda, kureka itabi, no kuba bashobora kurireka kubera iyo miburo.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, habayeho kugabanuka gukomeye mu kwita ku mburo, gusoma no gusuzuma neza, gutekereza ku ngaruka zo kunywa itabi ku buzima, no kuba abantu benshi bashobora kurireka bitewe n’imburizi zatanzwe n’abanywa itabi muri Noruveje, aho hashyizweho uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bisanzwe nta mpinduka ku mburizi ku buzima.23 Imiterere itandukanye y’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaye mu Bwongereza ugereranije na Noruveje igaragaza koKanada ipaki y'itabibyongera imikorere y'imiburo mishya mishya, ariko ntibishobora kongera ingaruka z'imiburo ya kera/iy'amashusho
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-15-2024