Igice cya mbere ni icyo gupakira
1. Ibisobanuro by'ipaki
Mu gipimo cy’igihugu cy’Ubushinwa cya GB/T41221-1996, ibisobanuro by’ibipfunyika ni: izina rusange ry’ibikoresho, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’inyongera bikoreshwa hakurikijwe uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa tekiniki kugira ngo birinde ibicuruzwa mu nzira yo kubikwirakwiza, byorohereze kubibika no kubitwara, kandi biteza imbere kugurisha. Bivuga kandi ibikorwa by’imikorere aho uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa tekiniki bukoreshwa mu gukoresha ibikoresho, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho by’inyongera kugira ngo bigerweho.
Sobanukirwa icyo gupakira ibicuruzwa bisobanura, harimo n'ibice bibiri by'ubusobanuro: ku ruhande rumwe bivuga ikintu kirimo ibicuruzwa, ubusanzwe cyitwa gupakira, nk'imifuka, amasanduku, indobo, ibiseke, amacupa, n'ibindi; ku rundi ruhande, bivuga inzira yo gupakira ibicuruzwa, nko gupakira, gupakira, n'ibindi.
Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa bifite imiterere ibiri, nko kuyoborwa n'ibicuruzwa. Gupfunyika ni ikintu cy'ingenzi ku bikubiye muri byo; Gupfunyika ni bimwe mu bikubiye mu bicuruzwa.Nk'agasanduku k'itabi, agasanduku k'itabi, agasanduku k'itabi karimo ubusa, agasanduku k'itabi karimo ubusa, umwiharikoudusanduku twabanje gupfunyika, umukoroudusanduku twabanje gupfunyika, ni ibicuruzwa bishyushye bigurishwa.
Ibicuruzwa byihariye mu bikubiye muri ibyo bicuruzwa, bifite agaciro n'agaciro k'imikoreshereze; Ariko kandi, ni uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kumenya agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'imbere mu bicuruzwa n'agaciro k'imikoreshereze yabyo.
Gukora ipaki
Muri rusange abantu bemera ko gupakira bifitanye isano n'ibicuruzwa kandi ko ari uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kugera ku gaciro k'ibicuruzwa n'agaciro k'imikoreshereze yabyo. Kubwibyo, gukora gupakira bigomba kubarwa kuva mu ntangiriro yo guhanahana ibicuruzwa mu muryango w'abantu. Muri icyo gihe, gukora gupakira bifitanye isano rya hafi n'iterambere ry'uburyo ibicuruzwa bikwirakwira. Gukora gupakira bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bitatu.
1. Icyiciro cy'ibanze cyo gupakira
Mu ntangiriro z'iterambere ry'umusaruro, nyuma y'uko ibicuruzwa bitangiye guhindurwa, kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikoreshwe neza, icya mbere gikenewe ni ubwikorezi n'ububiko bw'ibicuruzwa, ni ukuvuga ko ibicuruzwa bihangana n'ihererekanya ry'umwanya n'igihe. Muri ubu buryo, gupakira byakozwe kugira ngo bibe birinda ibicuruzwa. Muri iki gihe, gupakira akenshi bivuga gupakira by'ibanze, ni ukuvuga kurangiza umurimo wo gupakira igice cy'ibicuruzwa, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gupakira nk'amasanduku, indobo, ibiseke, n'ibiseke. Kubera ko nta paki nto ihari, ibicuruzwa bigomba gukwirakwizwa mu maduka.
2. Icyiciro cyo guteza imbere gupakira
Muri iki cyiciro, ntabwo ari ugupfunyika gusa mu gutwara ibintu, ahubwo no gupfunyika guto bigira uruhare mu gutanga ubwiza. Bitewe n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'ibicuruzwa, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi, kandi ibigo bitandukanye bikora ibicuruzwa bifite ubuziranenge butandukanye n'amabara atandukanye. Mu ntangiriro, abakora bakoresha imiterere y'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo batandukanye ibicuruzwa by'ibigo, hanyuma bagakoresha buhoro buhoro gupfunyika guto kugira ngo batange aya makuru. Hamwe n'irushanwa rikomeye ku isoko, gupfunyika guto bigira uruhare mu gushimisha no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa. Muri iki gihe, gupfunyika mu gutwara ibintu biracyagira uruhare runini mu kurinda, mu gihe gupfunyika guto bigira uruhare mu gutandukanya ibicuruzwa, gushariza no kwamamaza ibicuruzwa. Kubera ko gupfunyika guto, ibicuruzwa ntibigomba gukwirakwizwa mu maduka, ariko ibicuruzwa biracyakeneye gushyirwa ahagaragara no kwamamaza n'umucuruzi.
Kugaragara kw'ubucuruzi bw'amaduka manini byatumye amapaki ashyirwa ku rwego rwo hejuru rw'iterambere. 3. Amapaki agurishwa yabaye urwego rw'umucuruzi utagira icyo avuga ku bijyanye n'impinduka mu mapaki agurishwa, amapaki agurishwa yabaye igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibicuruzwa, yabaye uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gushaka amavuta y'inyongera, amapaki agurishwa mu gutanga ibicuruzwa no kuyakoresha muri urwo rwego na yo arimo kwiyongera. Muri icyo gihe, amapaki agurishwa mu gutwara abantu na yo yateye imbere kuva ku burinzi bworoshye kugeza ku cyerekezo cy'uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere myiza y'ubwikorezi.
Iterambere ry’ibipfunyika kugeza ubu rikunze kwitwa ibipfunyika bigezweho. Mu gukora ibicuruzwa bigezweho, kwishingikiriza ku bipfunyika bigenda bigaragara, mu musaruro wose, mu kuzenguruka kw’ibicuruzwa, kugurisha ndetse no mu bicuruzwa bikenera inyongera - kubura ibipfunyika biragoye kugira ngo habeho uruziga rwiza rw’umusaruro rusange. Kubwibyo, nubwo ubwoko butandukanye bw’ibipfunyika bigezweho bwiyongera, imikorere yongera igipimo cy’izamuka ry’ibiciro, ibipfunyika biracyari inyongera y’ibicuruzwa by’imbere, kandi iterambere ry’ibipfunyika rizagengwa n’ibicuruzwa, imiterere y’ibicuruzwa by’imbere n’impinduka zabyo ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku iterambere ry’ibipfunyika. Byongeye kandi, ubucuruzi bw’ibipfunyika ubwabyo burimo kugaragara cyane mu ikorwa ry’ibicuruzwa bigezweho. Ibi bigaragaza ko ibipfunyika byateye imbere kugeza ubu, nubwo kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa ku bipfunyika byariyongereye, kwishingikiriza ku bicuruzwa ku bicuruzwa byaragabanutse, kandi ubwigenge bwabyo bwariyongereye.
Kugeza ubu, gukora ipaki byahindutse kimwe mu bice by'ingenzi by'inganda. Mu nganda 40 zikomeye mu gihugu, inganda zipakira ziza ku mwanya wa 12. Gupakira, kimwe n'ibindi bicuruzwa by'abakozi bakenewe mu mibereho myiza, bifite imiterere y'ibicuruzwa kandi byabaye ikintu cy'ubucuruzi hagati y'amashami. Igitekerezo cyo gupakira kigezweho kigaragaza imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, uburyo n'ibikorwa byo gupakira. Agaciro k'ipaki kari mu gaciro k'ibicuruzwa, kadahembwa gusa iyo ibicuruzwa bigurishijwe, ahubwo kanishyurwa amafaranga menshi bitewe n'isoko ry'ibicuruzwa n'ibikenewe. Gupakira neza bishobora kuzana inyungu nini mu bukungu. Gupakira ni igice cy'ingenzi mu gukora ibicuruzwa, inyinshi mu bicuruzwa nyuma yo gupakira, kugira ngo birangize inzira yo kubitunganya, kugira ngo bigere mu rwego rwo kuzenguruka no kubikoresha. Mu rwego rw'ubuhanga mu gupakira, muri rusange, ibicuruzwa hamwe n'ipaki bishobora gukora ibicuruzwa bihanganye. Gupakira bishingiye ku mubare runaka w'ibicuruzwa, imiterere, imiterere n'uburyo bwo kubibika no gutwara hamwe n'ibikenewe mu kugurisha, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho byihariye byo gupakira n'uburyo bwa tekiniki, hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gushushanya kugira ngo habeho uruvange rw'imitako n'imitako y'ikigo, hamwe n'imiterere ibiri y'ubuhanzi n'ikoranabuhanga, hamwe n'imiterere, ingano, urwego, ubusugire n'ibindi biranga. Mu buryo bufatika bwo gupakira, gupakira kose, bigomba gukoresha ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo gupakira, binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga runaka ryo gupakira, bifite imiterere yabyo yihariye, imiterere n'isura. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byo gupakira, uburyo bwo gupakira, icyitegererezo cy'imiterere yo gupakira no gupakira hejuru ni ibintu bine bigize igikoresho cyo gupakira. Ibikoresho byo gupakira ni ishingiro ry'ibikoresho byo gupakira, ni cyo gikoresho cyo gutwara ibikoresho by'imirimo yo gupakira. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ni ingenzi mu kugera ku murimo wo kurinda gupakira no kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa by'imbere. Icyitegererezo cy'imiterere yo gupakira ni uburyo bwihariye bw'ibikoresho byo gupakira n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira. Gupakira ni uruvange rw'ibintu bine binyuze mu gushushanya no gushushanya inyandiko, kwamamaza no kwinjiza ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'ibicuruzwa, gukenera igishushanyo mbonera gitunganye kugira ngo cyuzuzwe, muri ubu buryo gusa niho hashobora kuba ibyo ikigo gipakira gikeneye ku isoko.
Icya gatatu, imikorere yo gupakira
Akamaro ko gupakira kagaragarira ahanini muri ibi bikurikira
1. Kurinda ibicuruzwa
Kurinda ibicuruzwa ni imwe mu nshingano z'ingenzi zo gupfunyika. Ibicuruzwa biri mu nzira yo kuzenguruka, bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bintu bitandukanye byo hanze, bigatera umwanda w'ibicuruzwa, kwangirika, gusohoka cyangwa kwangirika, ku buryo ibicuruzwa bigabanya cyangwa bigatakaza agaciro k'ikoreshwa ryabyo. Gupfunyika mu buryo bwa siyansi kandi bukwiye bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa birwanya kwangirika kw'ibintu bitandukanye byo hanze, kugira ngo birinde imikorere y'ibicuruzwa kandi birebe neza ubwiza n'ingano y'ibicuruzwa.Bene ibyoicyuma gisya umwotsiAgasanduku k'itabi, agasanduku k'ibice, agasanduku k'itabi.
2. Koroshya ikwirakwizwa ry'ibicuruzwa
Gupfunyika bitanga imiterere y'ibanze n'uburyo bworohereza ibicuruzwa gutembera. Igicuruzwa gipfunyika hakurikijwe imiterere runaka, imiterere, ingano, ingano n'ibikoresho bitandukanye, kandi inyuma y'igipfunyika akenshi hacapwa ibimenyetso bitandukanye, bigaragaza imiterere y'izina ry'igicuruzwa gipfunyika, ingano, ibara n'uburemere rusange bw'igipfunyika, uburemere rusange, ingano, izina ry'uruganda, aho uruganda rukorera n'ingamba zo kwirinda mu kubika no gutwara, ibyo bikaba byorohereza mu gutanga ibicuruzwa, kubara no kubara. Binafasha mu gukoresha neza uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara no kubika, kunoza uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura, gutwara, imikorere myiza no kubika no gutwara, kwihutisha urujya n'uruza rw'ibicuruzwa, no kunoza inyungu z'ubukungu zo gutembera mu bicuruzwa.
3. Guteza imbere no kwagura ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa. Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa byakozwe neza bishobora kugira uruhare mu kwamamaza ibicuruzwa, gushariza ibicuruzwa no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa. Gupfunyika ntibishobora kongera ipiganwa ku isoko ry'ibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo binakurura abakiriya kubera ubwiza bwabyo budasanzwe bw'ubuhanzi, kuyobora ikoreshwa ryabyo, kuba ikintu cya mbere mu guteza imbere kugura ibicuruzwa, ni umucuruzi utagira icyo avuga. Gupfunyika neza bifite akamaro kanini mu kunoza imbaraga zo guhatana kw'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, kwagura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga no guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubucuruzi bw'amahanga.
4. Byorohereza abaguzi gukoresha
Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, imiterere itandukanye, ingano y'ipaki irakwiye, byoroshye ku bakoresha, kuzigama no gutwara. Igishushanyo, ikirango cy'ubucuruzi n'inyandiko bisobanuye kuri iyo paki biroroshye ku baguzi kumenya, kandi binagaragaza imiterere n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, uburyo bwo kubikoresha, kubikoresha no kubibika, bigira uruhare rworoshye kandi ruyobora mu kubikoresha.
5. Zigama amafaranga
Gupfunyika bifitanye isano rya hafi n'ikiguzi cyo gukora. Gupfunyika neza bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bitatanye bihuzwa mu buryo runaka, bityo bikanoza cyane ubushobozi bwo gupakira no gutwara ibintu byoroshye, bishobora kuzigama ikiguzi cyo gutwara, amafaranga yo kubika n'andi mafaranga. Hari amacupa yo gupfunyika ashobora kongera gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi, bigatuma ibikoresho byo gupfunyika n'amacupa yo gupfunyika bigabanuka, ibyo bikaba byiza mu kugabanya ikiguzi no kunoza inyungu mu bukungu.
Muri make, inshingano z'ibanze zo gupfunyika ibicuruzwa zigomba kuba: imikorere yo kurinda, imikorere yo koroshya ibintu, imikorere yo kwamamaza no kwerekana.
Icya kane, imiterere y'ipaki
Ibisobanuro by'ibipfunyika: Gupfunyika bivuga imiterere rusange y'ibicuruzwa nyuma yo gupfunyika, ni ukuvuga ijambo rusange ry'ibipfunyika n'ibicuruzwa. Muri rusange bigizwe n'ibice bitatu: ibicuruzwa, ibipfunyika by'imbere n'ibipfunyika byo hanze.
Ibice bisanzwe byo gupfunyika birimo ibice 8, ari byo: ibice byo gupfunyika, ibice bihamye, ibice byo gufata, ibice by'uburinzi, ibice birinda ubuso, ibice birwanya kwangirika, ibice bifunga n'ubuso bwo kwerekana. Gupfunyika bisanzwe si ngombwa ko biba birimo byose byavuzwe haruguru.
Icya gatanu, ibisabwa by'ibanze mu gupfunyika
Fasha umuhanda, isosi ituje yo gushushanya intoki, mama urukundo
1. Kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bihuzwe n'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, uburyo bipfunyikamo ibicuruzwa bigomba gushingira ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa, hakoreshejwe ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga bihuye nabyo, kugira ngo ibyo bipfunyika bihuze neza n'ibisabwa ku miterere nyayo n'imiti by'ibicuruzwa.
2. Huza uburyo amaraso atembera mu mubiri
Kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bikomeze kumererwa neza mu gihe cyose cyo kubizenguruka, ibipfunyika bigomba kugira imbaraga, ubukana, gukomera no kuramba. Ku buryo butandukanye bwo kubitwara no kubitwara, ibikoresho bipfunyika bihuye nabyo bigomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye. Muri make, ibipfunyika byose bigomba guhuza n'imiterere y'ububiko n'ubwikorezi ndetse n'imbaraga zisabwa mu rwego rwo kubizenguruka.
3, ipaki igomba kuba ikwiye kandi iringaniye
Ku bijyanye no gupakira ibicuruzwa, ingano y'agasanduku ko gupakira n'ibicuruzwa biri imbere bigomba kuba bikwiye, kandi ikiguzi cyo gupakira kigomba kuba gihuye n'ibyo ibicuruzwa biri imbere bikenewe. Kubika umwanya munini n'amafaranga yo gupakira bifite igipimo kinini cyane cy'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa byose ni ingaruka mbi ku baguzi.
Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba bifite ubuziranenge, kandi uburemere bw'ibipfunyika, ibipimo n'ingano, icyitegererezo cy'imiterere, ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, amagambo, ibimenyetso byo gucapa, uburyo bwo gupfunyika, nibindi by'ibipfunyika bigomba guhuzwa, kandi buhoro buhoro bigakorwa uruhererekane n'uburyo rusange kugira ngo 4. Gupfunyika ibintu bifite ubuziranenge ni byiza mu gukora ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, kunoza imikorere y'ibipfunyika, koroshya ibipimo by'ibipfunyika, kugabanya ikiguzi, kuzigama ibikoresho fatizo, koroshya kumenya no gupima, kandi bigafasha mu kwemeza ireme ry'ibipfunyika n'umutekano w'ibicuruzwa.
Ibyiza, gukoresha nabi "gupfunyika cyane".
Ibisabwa mu gupfunyika ibicuruzwa mu buryo bw’icyatsi kibisi no kurengera ibidukikije bifite ibisobanuro bibiri: Icya mbere, guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga 5. Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba umwimerere kandi kurengera ibidukikije ubwabyo bigomba kuba ibidukikije kandi bifite umutekano ku bicuruzwa no ku muguzi. Icya kabiri, uburyo bwo gupfunyika ibikoresho n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa ni ibidukikije kandi bifite umutekano ku bidukikije. Mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika no gukora, tugomba gukurikiza amahame y'iterambere rirambye, kuzigama ingufu, gukoresha bike, gukora cyane, gukumira umwanda, kongera gukoresha ibintu mu buryo burambye, cyangwa kwangirika mu buryo butekanye nyuma yo kwangirika kw'imyanda.
6. Ibisabwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki mu gupakira
1. Igitekerezo cy'ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ibicuruzwa risobanura ingamba za tekiniki zafashwe kugira ngo harwanywe ibintu by'imbere n'inyuma bigira ingaruka ku bwiza kugira ngo hirindwe ibura ry'impinduka mu bwinshi n'ubwiza mu bijyanye no gukwirakwira kw'ibicuruzwa, bizwi kandi nk'uburyo bwo kurinda gupakira ibicuruzwa. 2. Ibisabwa mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ibicuruzwa.
Ibintu by’imbere n’inyuma bigira ingaruka ku ihinduka ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa bigabanyijemo ibintu bifatika, ibinyabutabire, ibinyabuzima n’ibindi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kurinda gupfunyika ibicuruzwa ni ingamba zihariye zo gukumira ibintu byavuzwe haruguru bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa.
7. Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'uburyo bipfunyikwamo
Nkuko bivugwa: “Indabo zitukura ni nziza, ariko kandi amababi y’icyatsi kibisi arashyigikira.” Ubwiza n’ibipfunyika, kimwe n’ubwiza bw’ibikomoka ku matungo ya safflower n’amababi y’icyatsi kibisi, abantu ntibagomba kugura ibipfunyika kugira ngo bagure ibicuruzwa.
“Ariko gupakira ntibigomba kwirengagizwa. Gupakira neza ntibishobora kurinda gusa ibicuruzwa, byoroshye kugurisha no gutwara, gushariza ibicuruzwa kugira ngo byongere agaciro, bikurure icyifuzo cy’abaguzi cyo kugura, ahubwo binagire uruhare rw’umucuruzi utagira icyo avuga. Imiterere myiza ya sisitemu yo gupakira ntiyongera gusa agaciro k’ibicuruzwa, ahubwo ni n’ubuhanzi. Iyo ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa ari ubwa mbere, ariko gupakira atari byiza, bizanatera kugabanuka kw’ibicuruzwa, muri iki gihe, gupakira ibicuruzwa bizazamuka ku rwego rw’ingenzi. Urugero, Ubushinwa bwigeze kohereza amacupa mato y’inzoga ya Qingdao muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibikoresho fatizo n’uburyo ikorwamo ni ibya mbere, ibara rya divayi ni ryiza, ifuro ni ryiza kandi risukuye, kandi umunwa ni mwiza kandi inzoga 100 zo mu mahanga ugereranije, ntabwo ari mbi cyane. Ariko ubwiza bw’amacupa y’inzoga ya Tsingtao ni ibisanzwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, byatinze gufungura isoko rinini. Bamwe mu Bashinwa bo mu mahanga muri Amerika barimo gusaba ko Tsingtao ihabwa imyambaro mishya myiza.
Ariko, bitewe n'akamaro ko gupakira, amwe mu masosiyete akoresha gupakira kugira ngo ahishe ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa. Abashushanya gupakira bagomba kwirinda ibintu byombi bikabije.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-28-2023