Igice cya mbere ni ibisobanuro byo gupakira

Igice cya mbere ni ibisobanuro byo gupakira

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1. Ibisobanuro byo gupakira

Mu gihugu cy’Ubushinwa gisanzwe GB / T41221-1996, igisobanuro cyo gupakira ni: izina rusange ry’ibikoresho, ibikoresho n’ibikoresho bifasha bikoreshwa hakurikijwe uburyo bwa tekiniki hagamijwe kurinda ibicuruzwa mu nzira yo kuzenguruka, koroshya kubika no gutwara, no guteza imbere kugurisha. Irerekana kandi ibikorwa byuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwa tekiniki bukoreshwa mugikorwa cyo gukoresha ibikoresho, ibikoresho nabafasha kugirango ugere kuntego zavuzwe haruguru.

Sobanukirwa nubusobanuro bwibikoresho bipfunyika, harimo ibintu bibiri bisobanura: kuruhande rumwe bivuga ikintu kirimo ibicuruzwa, mubisanzwe bita gupakira, nk'imifuka, agasanduku, indobo, ibiseke, amacupa, nibindi.; Kurundi ruhande, bivuga inzira yo gupakira ibicuruzwa, nko gupakira, gupakira, nibindi.

Ibipfunyika byibicuruzwa bifite ibintu bibiri biranga, nko kugandukira nibicuruzwa. Gupakira nigikoresho cyibirimo; Gupakira ni inyongera.Nk'isanduku ifata itabi, agasanduku k'itabi, agasanduku k'itabi karimo ubusa, agasanduku k'itabi karimo ubusa, gakondoagasanduku k'imbere, gakondoagasanduku k'imbere, birashyushye kugurisha ibicuruzwa.

Ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe mubirimo, bifite agaciro no gukoresha agaciro; Mugihe kimwe, nuburyo nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kumenya agaciro k ibicuruzwa byimbere no gukoresha agaciro.

Igisekuru cyo gupakira

Mubisanzwe bizera ko gupakira mubisanzwe bifitanye isano nibicuruzwa kandi nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kugera kubicuruzwa no gukoresha agaciro. Kubwibyo, umusaruro wapakira ugomba kubarwa kuva itangira ryo guhana ibicuruzwa muri societe yabantu. Muri icyo gihe, ishingwa ryo gupakira naryo rifitanye isano rya hafi niterambere ryibicuruzwa. Imiterere yo gupakira irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu.

1. Icyiciro cyambere cyo gupakira

Mubyiciro byambere byiterambere ryumusaruro wibicuruzwa, nyuma yukugaragara kwivunjisha ryibicuruzwa, murwego rwo kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bikwirakwizwa, icyambere gikenewe ni ugutwara ibicuruzwa no kubika, ni ukuvuga ibicuruzwa kwihanganira ihererekanyabubasha ryumwanya hamwe nu gice Igihe. Muri ubu buryo, gupakira byateguwe kugirango birinde ibicuruzwa. Muri iki gihe, gupakira mubisanzwe bivuga ibipfunyika byibanze, ni ukuvuga kurangiza umurimo wo gupakira igice, ukoresheje ibikoresho byambere bipakira nkibisanduku, indobo, ibiseke, nibiseke. Kubera ko nta paki ntoya, ibicuruzwa bigomba gukwirakwizwa mugucuruza.

2. Icyiciro cyiterambere

Kuri iki cyiciro, ntabwo hapakirwa ubwikorezi gusa, ahubwo hanapakira ibintu bito bigira uruhare mugutanga ubwiza. Hamwe niterambere ryubukungu bwibicuruzwa, hari ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byinshi, kandi imishinga itandukanye itanga ibicuruzwa byubwiza butandukanye namabara atandukanye. Ku ikubitiro, abaproducer bakoresha ibiranga ibicuruzwa kugirango batandukanye ibicuruzwa byinganda, hanyuma buhoro buhoro bakoresha ibikoresho bito kugirango batange aya makuru. Hamwe nisoko rikaze ryisoko, gupakira bito noneho bigira uruhare mukurimbisha no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa. Muri iki gihe, gupakira ibintu biracyafite uruhare runini rwo kurinda, mugihe ibipfunyika bito bigira uruhare runini rwo gutandukanya ibicuruzwa, kurimbisha no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa. Kubera paki ntoya, ibicuruzwa ntibigomba gukwirakwizwa mugucuruza, ariko ibicuruzwa biracyakenera kumenyekana no kuzamurwa nu mucuruzi.

Kugaragara kw'igurisha rya supermarket ryasunitse gupakira murwego rwo hejuru rwiterambere. 3. Gupakira ibicuruzwa byahindutse icyiciro cyo kugurisha cyicecekera cyibicuruzwa kugana icyerekezo cyo kugurisha ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha byahindutse igice cyibicuruzwa, byahindutse uburyo bwingenzi bwo gushakisha amavuta yinyongera, ibicuruzwa byo kugurisha mubikorwa byo kugurisha no gukoresha mu nshingano nabyo biriyongera. Muri icyo gihe, gupakira ibintu nabyo byateye imbere kuva kurinda byoroshye kugera ku cyerekezo cyo kunoza imikorere yo gutwara abantu.

Iterambere ryo gupakira kugeza kurubu ryitwa gupakira kijyambere. Mu musaruro wibicuruzwa bigezweho, kwishingira ibicuruzwa kubipfunyika bigenda bigaragara cyane, mubikorwa byose, kuzenguruka, kugurisha ndetse no murwego rwo kubikoresha bikenera ibikoresho - kubipakira kubura biragoye gushiraho uruziga rwiza rwumusaruro rusange. . Kubwibyo, nubwo ibintu bitandukanye bipfunyika bigezweho byiyongera, imikorere yongerera igipimo cyibiciro byiyongera, gupakira biracyari ibikoresho byimbere mu gihugu, kandi iterambere ryapakira rizagabanywa nibicuruzwa, ibiranga ibicuruzwa byimbere nimpinduka zabyo ni ikintu cyibanze kigira ingaruka kumajyambere yo gupakira. Byongeye kandi, ubucuruzi bwo gupakira ubwabwo buragenda burushaho kugaragara mu bicuruzwa bigezweho. Ibi birerekana ko gupakira byateye imbere kugeza ubu, nubwo kwishingira ibicuruzwa kubipfunyika byiyongereye, ubwishingizi bwibicuruzwa bipfunyika ku bicuruzwa byagabanutse, kandi ubwigenge bugereranije bwiyongereye.

Kugeza ubu, umusaruro wo gupakira wabaye umwe mu nzego z’inganda zikomeye. Mu nganda 40 zikomeye mu gihugu, inganda zipakira ziri ku mwanya wa 12. Gupakira, kimwe nibindi bicuruzwa bikenewe mubikorwa byimibereho, bifite imiterere yibicuruzwa kandi byahindutse ubucuruzi hagati yinzego. Igitekerezo cyo gupakira kijyambere kigaragaza imiterere yibicuruzwa, uburyo nibikorwa byo gukora bipakira. Agaciro ko gupakira gashyizwe mu gaciro k'ibicuruzwa, bitishyurwa gusa iyo ibicuruzwa bigurishijwe, ariko kandi bikarengerwa cyane ku isoko no ku mpamvu zisabwa. Gupakira ubuziranenge birashobora kuzana inyungu nini mubukungu. Gupakira nigice cyingenzi cyibicuruzwa, ubwinshi bwibicuruzwa nyuma yo gupakira, kugirango birangize umusaruro wabyo, kugirango winjire mubicuruzwa no kubikoresha. Mu rwego rwo gupakira inganda, muri rusange, ibicuruzwa wongeyeho gupakira birashobora gukora ibicuruzwa birushanwe. Gupakira bishingiye ku mubare runaka wibicuruzwa, ibiranga, imiterere nuburyo bwo kubika no gutwara ibintu hamwe nibikenerwa kugurishwa, gukoresha ibikoresho bipfunyika hamwe nuburyo bwa tekiniki, ukurikije ibisabwa kugirango habeho guhuza icyitegererezo no gushushanya ikigo, hamwe ibintu bibiri biranga ubuhanzi nikoranabuhanga, hamwe nimiterere, ingano, urwego, ubunyangamugayo nibindi biranga. Uhereye kubintu bigize umubiri, ibipfunyika byose, bigomba gukoresha ibikoresho bimwe byo gupakira, binyuze mubikorwa bimwe na bimwe byikoranabuhanga bipfunyika, bifite imiterere yihariye, imiterere n'imitako. Kubwibyo, ibikoresho byo gupakira, tekinike yo gupakira, imiterere yububiko nuburyo bwo gupakira ibintu nibintu bine bigize urwego rwo gupakira. Ibikoresho byo gupakira ni ishingiro ryibikoresho byo gupakira, ni ibintu bitwara ibikorwa byo gupakira tekinoroji yo gupakira ni urufunguzo rwo kugera kubikorwa byo kurinda ibicuruzwa no kwemeza ubwiza bwibicuruzwa byimbere. Imiterere yuburyo bwo gupakira nuburyo bwihariye bwibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe nubuhanga bwo gupakira. Imitako yo gupakira ni ihuriro ryibintu bine binyuze mumashusho no gutunganya neza inyandiko, kuzamura no kumenyekanisha uburyo nyamukuru bwibicuruzwa, gukenera igishushanyo mbonera cyuzuye kugirango kirangire, gusa murubu buryo bushobora kuba isoko yibikenerwa mubikoresho bipakira.

Icya gatatu, imikorere yo gupakira

Imikorere yo gupakira igaragara cyane mubice bikurikira

1. Kurinda ibicuruzwa

Kurinda ibicuruzwa nimwe mubikorwa byingenzi byo gupakira. Ibicuruzwa muburyo bwo kuzenguruka, birashobora guterwa nimpamvu zinyuranye zo hanze, bikaviramo kwanduza ibicuruzwa, kwangirika, kumeneka cyangwa kwangirika, kuburyo ibicuruzwa bigabanya cyangwa gutakaza agaciro ko gukoresha. Ibipfunyika bya siyansi kandi bishyize mu gaciro birashobora gutuma ibicuruzwa birwanya ibyangiritse kubintu bitandukanye byo hanze, kugirango birinde imikorere yibicuruzwa kandi byemeze ubwiza nubwinshi bwibicuruzwa.Bene abourusyo, agasanduku k'itabi, agasanduku gahuriweho, agasanduku k'itabi.

2. Korohereza ibicuruzwa

Gupakira bitanga ibintu byibanze nuburyo bworoshye bwo kuzenguruka ibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa bipakirwa ukurikije ibisobanuro runaka, imiterere, ingano, ingano n'ibikoresho bitandukanye, kandi hanze yipaki isanzwe icapwa nibimenyetso bitandukanye, byerekana ibisobanuro byizina ryibicuruzwa byapakiwe, ubwinshi, ibara hamwe nububiko rusange. uburemere bwuzuye, uburemere bwuzuye, ingano, izina ryuruganda, aderesi yinganda hamwe nubwitonzi mububiko no gutwara abantu, bifasha mugutanga ibicuruzwa, kubara no kubara. Ifasha kandi gukoresha mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara no kubika, kunoza imizigo no gupakurura, ubwikorezi, gutondeka neza no kubika no gutwara ibintu, kwihutisha ibicuruzwa, no kuzamura inyungu z’ubukungu ziva mu bicuruzwa.

3. Gupakira ntibishobora guteza imbere isoko ryibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo binakurura abakiriya nubuhanga bwarwo nubuhanga bwihariye bwubuhanzi, kuyobora ibicuruzwa, kuba ikintu cyambere mugutezimbere kugura abaguzi, numucuruzi ucecetse wibicuruzwa. Gupakira neza bifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere imbaraga zo guhatanira ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, kwagura ibyoherezwa mu mahanga no guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’amahanga.

4. Byorohereza abaguzi gukoresha

Gupakira ibicuruzwa hamwe nibicuruzwa bitandukanye, uburyo butandukanye, ingano yipaki irakwiriye, byoroshye kubakoresha gukoresha, kubika no gutwara. Igishushanyo, ikirangantego hamwe nibisobanuro byanditse kuri paki birorohereza abakiriya kumenya, kandi banamenyekanisha imiterere nibigize ibicuruzwa, gukoresha, gukoresha no kubika, bigira uruhare runini kandi ruyobora mugukoresha.

5. Uzigame amafaranga

Gupakira bifitanye isano rya hafi nigiciro cyumusaruro. Gupakira neza birashobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bitatanye byinjizwa muburyo runaka, bityo bikazamura cyane ubushobozi bwo gupakira no gutwara ibintu byoroshye no gupakurura, birashobora kuzigama amafaranga yo gutwara, amafaranga yo kubika nibindi bikoresho. Ibikoresho bimwe bipakira birashobora kandi gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi, bikabika umusaruro wibikoresho bipakira hamwe nibikoresho bipakira, bifasha kugabanya ibiciro no kuzamura inyungu zubukungu.

Muri make, ibikorwa byibanze byo gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba: imikorere yo kurinda, imikorere yoroshye, kuzamura no kwerekana imikorere.

Icya kane, ibigize paki

Igisobanuro cyo gupakira: Gupakira bivuga uburyo rusange bwibicuruzwa nyuma yo gupakira, ni ukuvuga ijambo rusange ryo gupakira nibicuruzwa. Mubisanzwe bigizwe nibice bitatu: ibicuruzwa, gupakira imbere no gupakira hanze.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bipakira birimo ibice 8, aribyo: ibice byabigenewe, ibice byagenwe, ibice bikora, ibice bya buffer, ibice byo kurinda hejuru, ibice birwanya kwangirika, ibice bifunga hamwe nubuso bwerekana. Gupakira bisanzwe ntabwo byanze bikunze birimo byose byavuzwe haruguru.

Icya gatanu, ibyingenzi byibanze byo gupakira

Fasha umuhanda, gutuza urutoki imitako isosi urukundo nyina

1. Guhuza n'ibiranga ibicuruzwa, gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba gushingira kubiranga ibicuruzwa, ukurikije ibikoresho hamwe nikoranabuhanga bihuye, kugirango ibipfunyika byujuje byuzuye ibisabwa mumiterere yumubiri na chimique ibicuruzwa

2. Guhuza nuburyo bwo kuzenguruka

Kugirango umutekano wibicuruzwa muburyo bwose bwo kuzenguruka, gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba kugira imbaraga runaka, gukomera, kuramba kandi kuramba. Kuburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu, ibikoresho bipakira hamwe nubuvuzi bwa tekiniki nabyo bigomba gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye. Muri make, ibipfunyika byose bigomba guhuza nuburyo bwo kubika no gutwara ibintu hamwe nimbaraga zisabwa murwego rwo kuzenguruka

3, gupakira bigomba kuba bikwiye kandi biringaniye

Kugurisha ibicuruzwa, ubunini bwibikoresho bipfunyika nibicuruzwa byimbere bigomba kuba bikwiye, kandi ikiguzi cyo gupakira kigomba kuba gihuye nibikenewe mubicuruzwa byimbere. Kubika umwanya munini hamwe nububiko bwo gupakira bingana cyane cyane igipimo cyibicuruzwa byose byangiza abaguzi.

Ibicuruzwa bipfunyika bigomba kuba byujuje ubuziranenge, kandi uburemere bwo gupakira, ibisobanuro n'ibipimo, kwerekana imiterere, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ijambo, imvugo yo gucapa, uburyo bwo gupakira, nibindi byo gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba guhuzwa, hanyuma buhoro buhoro bigakurikirana hanyuma bikabishyira muri rusange kugeza kuri 4. Ibipimo ngenderwaho bifasha kubyara ibicuruzwa bipfunyika, kunoza imikorere yumusaruro wapakira, koroshya ibisobanuro byibikoresho bipfunyika, kugabanya ibiciro, kuzigama ibikoresho fatizo, koroshya kumenyekanisha no gupima, kandi bifasha kwemeza ubuziranenge bwibipfunyika nibicuruzwa byumutekano

Inyungu, kuyobya gukoresha "gupakira birenze urugero".

Icyatsi kibisi n’ibidukikije bisabwa mu gupakira ibicuruzwa bifite ibintu bibiri bisobanura: Icya mbere, guhitamo ibikoresho bipakira, ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga 5. Gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba icyatsi kandi kurengera ibidukikije ubwabyo bigomba kuba bifite umutekano n’isuku kubicuruzwa n’umuguzi. Icya kabiri, tekinike yo gupakira hamwe nibikoresho byakoreshejwe bifite umutekano nicyatsi kubidukikije. Mu guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupakira no kubyaza umusaruro, dukwiye gukurikiza amahame yiterambere rirambye, kuzigama ingufu, gukoresha amafaranga make, imikorere myinshi, gukumira umwanda, gutunganya neza ibidukikije, cyangwa kwangirika neza nyuma y’imyanda.

6. Ibisabwa bya tekiniki yo gupakira

1. 2. Ibisabwa bya tekinoroji yo gupakira ibicuruzwa.

Ibintu byimbere ninyuma bigira ingaruka kumihindagurikire yibicuruzwa bigabanijwemo umubiri, imiti, ibinyabuzima nibindi bintu. Tekinoroji yo gukingira ibicuruzwa ni ingamba zihariye zo gukumira zafashwe ku bintu byavuzwe haruguru ndetse n’imbere bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa.

7. Ubwiza bwibicuruzwa no gupakira

Nkuko baca umugani ngo: “Indabyo zitukura ni nziza, ariko kandi amababi y'icyatsi arashyigikira.” Ubwiza bwibicuruzwa nugupakira, nkubwiza bwibiti bya safflower nibibabi byicyatsi biriganje, abantu ntabwo murwego rwo kugura ibicuruzwa kugirango bagure ibicuruzwa.

“Ariko gupakira ntibigomba kwirengagizwa. Gupakira neza ntibishobora kurinda ibicuruzwa gusa, byoroshye kugurisha no gutwara, kurimbisha ibicuruzwa kugirango byongere agaciro, bikangura ubushake bwabaguzi kugura, ariko kandi bigira uruhare mubacuruzi bucece. Sisitemu nziza yo gupakira ntabwo itezimbere gusa agaciro kongeweho ibicuruzwa, ahubwo nuburyo bwubuhanzi. Iyo ubwiza bwibicuruzwa ari urwego rwa mbere, ariko gupakira ntabwo ari byiza, bizanatera kugurisha gahoro, muriki gihe, gupakira ibicuruzwa bizamuka mubice byingenzi. Kurugero, Ubushinwa bwigeze kohereza muri Amerika amacupa mato yinzoga ya Qingdao, ibikoresho fatizo nibikorwa ni urwego rwa mbere, ibara rya vino rirasobanutse, ifuro ni ryiza kandi ryera, kandi umunwa uroroshye kandi 100 mu mahanga byeri ugereranije, ntabwo iri munsi. Ariko ubwiza bwamacupa yinzoga ya Tsingtao nibisanzwe. Nkigisubizo, byatinze gufungura isoko ryagutse. Bamwe mu bashinwa bo mu mahanga muri Amerika barasaba ko Tsingtao yahabwa imyambaro mishya myiza.

Nyamara, hamwe no gusobanukirwa n'akamaro ko gupakira, ibigo bimwe bikoresha ibipfunyika kugirango bihishe ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa. Abashushanya gupakira bagomba kwirinda kurenza urugero.