Ibikorwa byo gupakira ibicuruzwa bizaterwa nikirere nibidukikije. Kuberako uruzinduko rwaUKgupakira itabi ibicuruzwa biratandukanye cyane utitaye kumiterere yubumenyi bwikirere nibidukikije. Abashinzwe gupakira ibikoresho bakeneye gusobanukirwa amategeko ahinduka yimiterere yubumenyi bwikirere, bakiga ingaruka z’ibidukikije by’ikirere ku mikorere n’ubuziranenge bw’ibipaki, kandi bagatanga uburinzi bukenewe kugira ngo ibipfunyika byuzuze ibisabwa mu gupakira ibicuruzwa mu gihe runaka cyo kubika cyangwa igihe cyo kubika. , no kugabanya igihombo cyinzira yo kuzenguruka muri.
Ubumenyi bw'ikirere bugira ingarukaGupakira itabi mu Bwongereza ikoranabuhanga reba ibihe by'ikirere, birimo ahanini ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, imvura na shelegi, umuyaga n'imirasire y'izuba, nibindi.
1. Impiswi
Ubwinshi bwumubiri bugaragaza urugero rwubushyuhe nubukonje bwikirere, aribwo ubushyuhe bwikirere. Ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere muri rusange bwerekeza ku bushyuhe bugaragazwa na sitasiyo y’ikirere, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bw’ikirere ku burebure bwa metero 2 uvuye ku butaka, nta zuba ry’izuba ritaziguye kandi rifite umwuka mwiza.
Ubunini nicyo kintu nyamukuru gihindura ubushyuhe ahantu hatandukanye, hagakurikiraho ubutaka bwaho nubutumburuke. Igihugu cyacu gifite ifasi nini, gifite itandukaniro rikomeye mubutumburuke nikirere mu turere dutandukanye. Kurugero, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru mubibaya bya Turpan bigeze kuri 48°C, mugihe Mohe, Heilongjiang, yahuye nubushyuhe buri munsi ya 50°C. Agace k'iburasirazuba gafite ubushyuhe, subtropic, ubushyuhe bukabije, ubukonje hamwe n’utundi turere tw’ikirere kuva mu majyepfo kugera mu majyaruguru. Ku kibaya cya Qinghai-Tibet, hari uturere tw’imisozi miremire hamwe n’umwaka wose w’ikirere cyakonje. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugira impinduka za buri munsi nu mwaka, bigatuma ubushyuhe bwikirere bugira impinduka za buri munsi nizumwaka. Ihinduka ni cycle kandi riterwa nimpinduka zingengo yimirasire yubutaka.
Ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi bufite agaciro ntarengwa kandi ntarengwa. Ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane buboneka hafi izuba rirashe. Nyuma y'izuba rirashe, umwuka uzamuka buhoro buhoro, ugera ku giciro cyo hejuru hagati ya 14 na 15 saa sita, hanyuma ugenda ugabanuka kugeza izuba rirashe. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubushyuhe bwo hejuru nubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane kumanywa nijoro byitwa urwego rwubushyuhe bwa buri munsi, bujyanye nuburinganire, ibihe, imiterere yimiterere, imiterere yubuso, ikirere nikirere.
Imihindagurikire yumwaka yubushyuhe nayo ifite agaciro ntarengwa nagaciro gake (usibye uturere twegereye ekwateri). Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwumwaka bubaho mu cyi, cyane cyane muri Nyakanga ku mugabane wa Amerika no muri Kanama ku nyanja. Ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane buboneka mu gihe cy'itumba, cyane cyane muri Mutarama ku mugabane wa Afurika no muri Gashyantare ku nyanja. Itandukaniro riri hagati yubushyuhe buringaniye bwukwezi gushushe nubushyuhe buringaniye bwukwezi gukonje cyane mumwaka byitwa ubushyuhe bwumwaka. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ingano yacyo nayo ifitanye isano nuburinganire, imiterere yimiterere, imiterere yubutaka, ikirere nikirere. Kurugero, muri tropike, impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwumwaka kumugabane urashobora kugera kuri 20°C, mugihe mubice byinyanja ni nka 5°C, kandi ubushyuhe bwumwaka ntabwo ari bunini. Urutonde rwumwaka ni runini cyane muri zone yubushyuhe, kandi rwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwuburebure bwimbitse imbere. Ikigereranyo cyumwaka ku nkombe yinyanja ni 15°C, mugihe kumugabane irashobora kugera kuri 50 ~ 60°C.
Imihindagurikire ya buri munsi mubushuhe izagira ingaruka kumiterere yububiko. Ahantu h'ubushyuhe bwumutse hafite itandukaniro rinini rya buri munsi, ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi burashobora kuba hafi 30°C mumasaha 8 uhereye mbere kugeza izuba rirashe. Itandukaniro rinini rya buri munsi rishobora gutera ubukonje bukabije ugereranije nububiko.
Ibikorwa nyamukuru byo gupakira ibiryo ni ukurinda ibiryo kwangirika mubidukikije, kugenzura ubuziranenge, kurinda ibiryo kwanduzwa na mikorobe n’umwanda, gukoresha ibikoresho bikoresha imashini kandi byikora kugirango bongere umusaruro, umusaruro ube mwiza, kandi utezimbere kandi utezimbere ibiryo kuzenguruka. no gucunga ubucuruzi kugirango bongere agaciro k'ibiribwa. Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, ibipfunyika byibiribwa bifata urutonde rwikoranabuhanga rishya hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa, harimo retort yamapaki yububiko bwibiryo, tekinoroji yibiribwa bikonje vuba, kubika nezaGupakira itabi mu Bwongereza ikoranabuhanga, tekinoroji yo gupakira aseptic, nibindi. Dufashe urugero rwa aseptic yibi binyobwa by umutobe wimbuto nkurugero, tuzasesengura uburyo bwo gutegura ibicuruzwa byapakiye ibicuruzwa 1. Ibiranga ibinyobwa byimbuto nibisabwa byihariye byo gupakira
Umutobe ukorwa mu mbuto zitandukanye, zitandukanye muburyo hamwe nimiterere. Ibintu nyamukuru bifitanye isano no gupakira ni acide, enzymes, vitamine C, ibara n'impumuro y'umutobe.
Imbuto n'umutobe byose birimo acide organic kurwego rutandukanye. Acide organic irashobora kugumana impumuro idasanzwe yimbuto, igaha abantu uburyohe, kandi bigirira akamaro ubuzima bwabantu. Kubwibyo rero, ibipimo byo gupakira ntibigomba kurinda aside irike gusa mumitobe yimbuto, ahubwo binarinda aside kama gukora. Ingaruka mbi ya acide kubipakira. PH yibiryo by umutobe wimbutouk itabi muri rusange munsi ya 4.5. Indwara ya bagiteri ntizakura mubihe bisanzwe. Kwangirika k'umutobe w'imbuto biterwa ahanini n'umusemburo n'ububiko. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, imitobe mbisi yangirika bitewe na fermentation ya alcool, nayo itera aside irike nimbuto bitewe numusemburo cyangwa imikurire hejuru. Kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika, bigomba guhita bihindurwa nubushyuhe bwo hejuru
Nukuvuga, koresha isahani cyangwa umuyoboro wubushyuhe kugirango ushushe umutobe kuri 110°C hanyuma ubigumane amasegonda 15, cyangwa uyungurure hanyuma wongereho imiti igabanya umutobe or kubuza ingaruka zangiza umusemburo. Vitamine C mu mutobe iratakara byoroshye, cyane cyane mu bikoresho by'icyuma birimo ibyuma bibi, umuringa cyangwa amabati. Bitewe no kuba hari ion zicyuma, vitamine C iba okiside byoroshye. Kubwibyo, guteka byihuse birashobora kugabanya ingaruka za aside aside ya ascorbic. , kugabanya reaction ya okiside no kurinda vitamine C. Gukoresha ibipfunyika byumuyaga hamwe nugukingira urumuri hamwe no kubika ubushyuhe buke nabyo bizagabanya gutakaza vitamine C. Kongera urugero rwa sulfite mugihe cyo gufungura nabyo bigira ingaruka zo kurinda vitamine C. 2.
Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gupakira aseptic kumitobe Ibiryo by umutobe bihita bihindagurika mubushyuhe bwinshi, hanyuma ubushyuhe bukamanuka kugera kuri 20 ~ 30°C kugirango wuzuze ibisabwa. Gupakira Aseptic ibiryo by umutobe wimbuto nuburyo bwo gupakira bushyira umutobe wa sterile, ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe nibikoresho bipfunyika mubidukikije, kandi bigakoresha imashini yuzuza aseptike kugirango yuzuze kandi ushireho kashe.
Ibikoresho bipakira bikoreshwa mugupakira aseptic birimo ibikombe, agasanduku, imifuka, ingunguru, nibindi, kandi ibikoresho byo gupakira ni firime nyinshi. Ubwiza bwauk itabi amakarito akozwe muri firime igizwe ni 8% gusa yi macupa yikirahure yubunini bumwe. Ntabwo ifite igiciro gito gusa, ahubwo inatanga imyanda mike, ifasha kurengera ibidukikije.
Imiterere nigishushanyo mbonera cya carte ya aseptic yapakiwe irerekanwa mumashusho 8-4. Ibikoresho by'ikarito ni firime igizwe, igizwe n'ibice bitandatu by'ibikoresho, aribyo polyethylene / impapuro / polyethylene / aluminium foil / polyethylene / polyethylene ikomatanya Ibikoresho, muri byo 75% ni impapuro, 20% ni polyethylene, naho 5 isigaye % ni aluminium.
Icapiro rishushanyije, guhuza ibikoresho, gukata no gushushanya impapuro zo hanze yikarito yapakiye byose byuzuzwa nababikora babigize umwuga kandi bigashyikirizwa uruganda rupakira muburyo bwa muzingo. Amatafari asanzwe ameze nka sterileGupakira itabi mu Bwongereza ikarito ku isoko ifite ubushobozi bwa 250mL, kandi ibipimo byayo bigaragara mu gishushanyo cya 8-4 (b). Umurongo uhamye mubishushanyo byerekana umurongo ugabanya umurongo, umurongo utudomo ugereranya umurongo werekana umurongo wimbere, naho umurongo utudomo ugereranya umurongo werekana umurongo wububiko. Ibikoresho byo gupakira byajyanwe mu ruganda rupakira bifite umurambararo wa 800mm n'uburebure bwa 800m. Amakarito agera kuri 5.000 yubakishijwe amatafari aseptic apakira amakarito ya 250m.
Ibiyobyabwenge nibicuruzwa bidasanzwe bigira ingaruka mubuzima bwabantu no kumutekano, bityo bigomba kubyazwa umusaruro murwego rwo hejuru kugirango bikore neza. Umutekano ni mwiza. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukora (GMP) kumiti yimiti yashyizweho n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi (W0) ni ugushyira mu bikorwa imicungire y’ubuziranenge mu buryo bwo gukora imiti, nko kugenzura ibikoresho fatizo, ubwinshi n’itangwa rya nyuma, harimo n’uburyo bwo gupakira ibikoresho bya farumasi inganda. Hano hari amabwiriza asobanutse ahantu, abakozi bakora mubipfunyika nauk itabigupakira ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibimenyetso byo gupakira, nibindi. Ibisabwa bikaze byashyizwe imbere. Muri make, gupakira imiti bigomba kuba bifite umutekano kandi byizewe. Kurinda neza. Biroroshye gutunganya. Teza imbere kugurisha, ube ubukungu, byoroshye gukoresha, kohereza amakuru nibindi bikorwa
1.Uk itabi packaging ibisabwa ku miti itandukanye.
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimiti, kandi ibisabwa mubuhanga muburyo bwo gupakira harimo 1) Ingaruka ziterwa nibintu byo hanze kumiterere yamacupa yimiti. Imiti irashobora kwibasirwa cyane ningaruka zumubiri, imiti, mikorobe nikirere. Kurugero, mukirere no kwishingira noode. Biroroshye okiside no gutera kwandura, biroroshye kubora no guhindura ibara mugihe uhuye numucyo, kubora no kwangirika iyo uhuye nubushuhe, kandi biroroshye guhindagurika no koroshya iyo uhuye nubushyuhe, bityo bigatuma imiti itakaza imbaraga. Rimwe na rimwe, aho gukiza indwara, irashobora gutera uburwayi no guhungabanya ubuzima. bityo. Hatitawe ku miterere, imiterere, igishushanyo mbonera no gutoranya ibikoresho byo gupakira ibikoresho byo gupakira imiti, ikintu cya mbere ugomba gusuzuma ni imikorere yacyo yo kurinda, ni ukuvuga gukomeza imikorere yubuvuzi. Impuzandengo yemewe yimiti ni imyaka 2, kandi zimwe zishobora kugera kumyaka irenga 3. Kubwibyo, gupakira bigomba kandi kwemeza ko ibigize imiti bihamye mugihe cyemewe kandi bitazangirika. Uburyo butandukanye bwimiti yimiti yangirika muburyo butandukanye. Imiti ikomeye nka tableti na poro irashobora kwibasirwa nubushuhe. Iyo ubushyuhe nubushuhe bihindutse, imiterere nubuziranenge bizahinduka buhoro buhoro. Kurugero, nyuma yisukari isize isukari ibaye itose, ubuso buzatanga kandi bizagaragara mugihe. Kuvunika bizagabanya ibikubiye mubintu byingenzi bigize ibiyobyabwenge kandi bigabanye gukora neza. Urundi rugero ni ibintu bifata ifu na granules nyuma yo kubona amazi, nabyo bigabanya imikorere nubwiza bwimiti. Amazi cyangwa inshinge hamwe nindi miti ntabwo ishobora kwanduzwa nubushuhe, ariko bikunze kwibasirwa na okiside mugihe ihuye nikirere, nacyo kizahindura ibice byingenzi bigize imiti kandi bigatera ibara. Cyangwa imvura igwa: Imiti imwe n'imwe yanduzwa byoroshye na bagiteri, ifumbire, hamwe nibihumyo bikangirika, bigatakaza burundu imbaraga zabyo kandi bigahinduka ibicuruzwa bibi.
Imiti itandukanye nko koroshya imiti izoroshya, cyangwa ihure na okiside hamwe nihinduka ryamabara mugihe ihindagurika ryubushyuhe no kumurika. 2 Ibisabwa byo gupakira ibiyobyabwenge. Mbere na mbere, imitekerereze y’umurwayi n’ibisabwa bigomba kwitabwaho, kandi hagomba gushyirwaho amakuru ahagije kugira ngo abaguzi basobanukirwe n’ibigize n’imiterere y’imiti, ingaruka zabyo ku ndwara, n’uburyo bwo kuyifata. Igishushanyo kigomba kwerekana umutekano n'icyizere kandi bigomba kuba byoroshye gukoresha, gutwara no kubika. Bikwiye kandi gufatwa nkibintu bifasha gupakira ibicuruzwa kugirango byongere umusaruro. Imbonerahamwe 8-6 yerekana ibyiciro bya farumasi yimiti nuburyo bwo gupakira bikoreshwa.
2. Igishushanyo cya farumasiGupakira itabi mu Bwongerezaimirimo yo gukingira.
Hashingiwe ku bidukikije bikwirakwizwa na farumasi, nkubushyuhe, ubushuhe, ogisijeni, urumuri, nibindi, hamwe nibiranga imiterere yimiti ya farumasi, uburyo bwo gupakira hamwe nibikoresho bigomba gutoranywa kugirango bipfunyikwe. Ku miti yibasiwe byoroshye nubushuhe, ibikoresho byo gupakira bitarimo ubushyuhe bigomba gukoreshwa.
Ikwirakwizwa ryubushyuhe bugereranije kwisi rihinduka nuburinganire. Kuva kuri ekwateri kugera hafi yuburebure hagati (hafi 35°), ubushuhe bugereranije buragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera. Iyo uhindutse uva hagati yuburebure ukagera ku burebure buri hejuru, uko ubushyuhe bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro, ubuhehere bugereranije bwiyongera hamwe n’ubunini bwiyongera.
Agace ko mu majyepfo yumugezi wa Yangtze mu gihugu cyanjye ni gake cyane, buri mwaka ugereranije n’ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 70% na 80% nubushuhe bwuzuye bwa 1,6 kugeza kuri 2,4kPa; umubare wumubare wumwaka ugereranije nubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 80% bingana na 50% yamasaha yumwaka. Amasaha afite 90% yubushuhe burenga 25% byumwaka. Ikigereranyo cy'umwaka ugereranije n'ubushyuhe buri mu kibaya cy'Uruhondo ni 70%, naho ubuhehere bwuzuye ni 1.2kPa; Amajyaruguru y'Ubushinwa
Impuzandengo yumwaka ugereranije nubushuhe muri kariya gace ni 70%, nubushuhe bwuzuye ni 0.8kPa gusa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-05-2024