Uburyo bwo gupakira ibicuruzwa buzaterwa n'ikirere n'ibidukikije. Kubera ko urwego rw'amazi akwirakwira muriUKipaki y'itabi ibicuruzwa biratandukanye cyane hatitawe ku miterere y’ikirere n’ibidukikije byo mu karere. Abahanga mu gupakira ibintu bagomba gusobanukirwa amategeko ahindagurika y’imiterere y’ikirere, bakiga ingaruka z’imiterere y’ikirere ku mikorere n’ubwiza bw’ibipaki, kandi bagatanga uburinzi bukenewe kugira ngo ibipaki bibashe kuzuza ibisabwa mu gupakira ibicuruzwa mu gihe runaka cyangwa igihe runaka cyo kubibika, kandi bagabanye igihombo cy’inzira yo kuzenguruka mu kirere.
Ibintu by’iteganyagihe bigira ingaruka kuPaki y'itabi mu Bwongereza ikoranabuhanga reba imiterere y'ikirere, irimo ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, imvura n'urubura, umuyaga n'imirasire y'izuba, n'ibindi.
1. Impiswi
Umubare ufatika ugaragaza urwego rw'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje bw'ikirere, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bw'umwuka. Ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere muri rusange bwerekeza ku bushyuhe bugaragara n'ikigo cy'ikirere, ni ukuvuga ubushyuhe bw'umwuka buri ku butumburuke bwa metero 2 uvuye ku butaka, nta zuba ryimbitse kandi bufite umwuka utembera neza.
Ubushyuhe ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi gituma ubushyuhe buhinduka ahantu hatandukanye, hagakurikiraho ubutaka n’ubutumburuke. Igihugu cyacu gifite ubutaka bunini, bufite itandukaniro rinini mu butumburuke n’ikirere mu turere dutandukanye. Urugero, ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane mu kibaya cya Turpan bwageze kuri dogere 48°C, mu gihe Mohe, Heilongjiang, byahuye n'ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane kugeza kuri dogere 50°C. Akarere k'iburasirazuba gafite uturere dushyuha, dushyuha cyane, dushyuha cyane, dukonje cyane n'utundi duce tw'ikirere kuva mu majyepfo kugera mu majyaruguru. Ku kibaya cya Qinghai-Tibet, hari uturere tw'imisozi miremire n'uduce dukonje dukonje umwaka wose. Ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bufite impinduka z'umunsi n'umwaka, ibyo bigatuma ubushyuhe bw'ikirere bugira impinduka z'umunsi n'umwaka. Iri hinduka ribaho ku buryo buhoraho kandi riterwa n'impinduka mu ngengo y'imari y'imirasire y'ubutaka.
Ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi bufite agaciro ntarengwa n'akatari hasi. Ubushyuhe bwo hasi buba hafi y'izuba riva. Nyuma y'izuba riva, umwuka uzamuka buhoro buhoro, ukagera ku gaciro ko hejuru hagati ya saa sita na saa sita z'amanywa, hanyuma ukamanuka buhoro buhoro kugeza izuba riva. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru n'ubushyuhe bwo hasi ku manywa na nijoro ryitwa intera y'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi, ibi bikaba bifitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bwa latitude, ibihe, imiterere y'ubutaka, imiterere y'ikirere n'ubutumburuke.
Ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe ngarukamwaka rifite agaciro ntarengwa n'agaciro ntarengwa (usibye uturere twegereye umurongo wa equator). Ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'umwaka buba mu mpeshyi, cyane cyane muri Nyakanga ku mugabane no muri Kanama ku nyanja. Ubushyuhe bwo hasi buba mu gihe cy'itumba, cyane cyane muri Mutarama ku mugabane no muri Gashyantare ku nyanja. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubushyuhe bw'ukwezi gushyuha cyane n'ubushyuhe bw'ukwezi gukonje cyane mu mwaka ryitwa urwego rw'ubushyuhe bw'umwaka. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ingano yabwo ifitanye isano n'ibintu nka latitude, imiterere y'ubutaka, imiterere y'ikirere n'ubutumburuke. Urugero, mu turere dushyuha, urwego rw'ubushyuhe bw'umwaka ku mugabane rushobora kugera kuri dogere 20°C, mu gihe mu turere two ku nkombe ari hafi 5°C, kandi ubushyuhe bw'umwaka ntabwo ari bunini. Ubushyuhe bw'umwaka ni bunini cyane mu gace gashyuha, kandi bwiyongera uko latitude n'ubujyakuzimu byiyongera imbere mu gihugu. Ubushyuhe bw'umwaka ku nkombe z'inyanja ni hafi dogere 15°C, mu gihe ku mugabane w'isi ishobora kugera kuri 50-60°C.
Impinduka z'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi zizagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibipfunyika. Mu turere tw'ubushyuhe twumye dufite ihinduka rikomeye ry'umunsi, igipimo cy'ubushyuhe bw'umunsi gishobora kuba hafi ya dogere 30°C mu masaha 8 uhereye mbere y'uko izuba riva kugeza nyuma y'uko riva. Itandukaniro rikomeye ry'ubushyuhe bwa buri munsi rishobora gutera impinduka zikomeye z'ubushuhe mu mapaki afunze.
Inshingano z'ingenzi zo gupakira ibiribwa ni ukurinda ko ibiribwa byangirika mu bidukikije, kugenzura ubuziranenge, gukumira ko ibiribwa byanduzwa na mikorobe n'umwanda, gukoresha imashini zipakira mu buryo bwikora kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kuba mwiza, umusaruro urusheho kuba mwiza, no guteza imbere no kunoza imikorere y'ibiribwa, hamwe n'imicungire y'ubucuruzi kugira ngo bongere agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'ibiribwa. Muri urwo rwego, gupakira ibiribwa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rishya n'inzira, harimo ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ibiribwa mu mashashi, ikoranabuhanga ryo gukonjesha ibiribwa vuba, no kubika neza.Paki y'itabi mu Bwongereza ikoranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ibintu bidasembuye, nibindi. Dufashe urugero rwo gupakira ibinyobwa bidafite sembuye mu mitobe y'imbuto, tuzasesengura uburyo bwo gukora ibinyobwa bipakiye ibintu 1. Ibiranga ibinyobwa by'imbuto n'ibisabwa byihariye mu gupakira
Umutobe ukorwa mu mbuto zitandukanye, zitandukanye mu miterere n'imiterere. Ibintu by'ingenzi bifitanye isano n'ibipfunyika ni aside, enzymes, vitamine C, ibara n'impumuro y'umutobe.
Imbuto n'imitobe byose birimo aside organic ku rugero rutandukanye. Aside organic ishobora kugumana impumuro yihariye y'imbuto, igaha abantu uburyohe, kandi ikaba ingirakamaro ku buzima bw'abantu. Kubwibyo, amahame agenga gupfunyika ntabwo agomba kurinda aside organic mu mitobe y'imbuto gusa, ahubwo anarinda aside organic gukora. Ingaruka za aside ku gupfunyika. pH y'ibiryo by'umutobe w'imbutoipaki y'itabi yo mu Bwongereza Muri rusange iri munsi ya 4.5. Bagiteri ntizikura mu bihe bisanzwe. Kwangirika k'umutobe w'imbuto ahanini biterwa n'umusemburo n'ibihumyo. Ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba, imitobe mibisi irangirika bitewe no guhinga inzoga, ibyo bigatuma aside ya alcool n'imbuto ihinduka bitewe n'umusemburo cyangwa ibihumyo bikura ku buso. Kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika, igomba guhita ishyirwa mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
Ni ukuvuga ko ukoresha icyuma gishyushya ubushyuhe cya plate cyangwa tube kugira ngo ushyushye umutobe kugeza kuri dogere 110°C hanyuma ubibike mu gihe cy'amasegonda 15, cyangwa uyungurure wongeremo ibintu bigabanya ubushyuhe kugira ngo umutobe ukurweho or ibuza ingaruka mbi z'umusemburo. Vitamine C mu mutobe ibura byoroshye, cyane cyane mu bikoresho by'icyuma bifite icyuma kibi, umuringa cyangwa icyuma gipfundikiye. Bitewe n'uko hari iyoni z'icyuma, vitamine C irahinduka byoroshye. Kubwibyo, guteka vuba bishobora kugabanya ingaruka za aside ascorbic oxidase. , bigabanye ingaruka za oxidase kandi bikarinda vitamine C. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gupfunyika mu kirere kandi bukingira urumuri no kubika ku bushyuhe buke nabyo bizagabanya igihombo cya vitamine C. Kongeramo ingano runaka ya sulfite mu gihe cyo gupfunyika bigira ingaruka zo kurinda vitamine C. 2.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'agasanduku k'ibipfunyika kadafite aside gashyirwamo umutobe Ibiryo byo mu mutobe bihita bishyirwa mu buryo busukura ku bushyuhe bwinshi, hanyuma ubushyuhe bukagabanuka bukagera kuri dogere 20-30°C kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho isuku. Gupfunyika ibiryo by'umutobe w'imbuto mu buryo bwa aseptic ni uburyo bwo gupfunyika bushyira umutobe w'imbuto mu buryo bwa aseptic, ibikoresho byo gupfunyikamo n'ibikoresho by'inyongera mu buryo bwa aseptic ahantu hadasukuye, kandi bugakoresha imashini yuzuza iseptic mu kuzuza no gufunga.
Ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika bitangiza ibidukikije birimo ibikombe, amasanduku, imifuka, utubari, nibindi, kandi ibikoresho byo gupfunyika ahanini ni filime zivanze. Ubwiza bwaipaki y'itabi yo mu Bwongereza Amakarito akozwe muri firime zivanze ni 8% gusa by'amacupa y'ibirahure afite ingano imwe. Ntabwo ahendutse gusa, ahubwo anatanga imyanda mike, ibyo bikaba byiza mu kurengera ibidukikije.
Imiterere n'imiterere y'agakarito gapfunyitse ka aseptic bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8-4. Ibikoresho by'agakarito ni filime ivanze, igizwe n'ibice bitandatu by'ibikoresho, ari byo polyethylene/impapuro/polyethylene/foil ya aluminiyumu/polyethylene/polyethylene ivanze Ibikoresho, muri byo 75% ni impapuro, 20% ni polyethylene, naho 5% bisigaye ni foil ya aluminiyumu.
Gucapa, gushyiramo ibikoresho, gukata no gukata impapuro zo hanze z'agakarito ko gupfunyika byose byuzuzwa n'inganda z'inzobere hanyuma bigashyikirizwa uruganda rupakira mu buryo bw'umuzingo.Paki y'itabi mu Bwongereza Agakarito kari ku isoko gafite ubushobozi bwa mL 250, kandi ingano zako zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8-4 (b). Umurongo ukomeye uri ku ishusho ugaragaza umurongo wo guca imiterere, umurongo urimo utudomo ugaragaza umurongo wo gupfunyika w'imbere, naho umurongo urimo utudomo ugaragaza umurongo wo gupfunyika w'inyuma. Umuzingo w'ibikoresho byo gupfunyika ujyanwa mu ruganda rupakira ufite umurambararo wa mm 800 n'uburebure bwa metero 800. Hashobora gukorwa amakarito agera ku 5.000 y'amatafari apfunyika afite uburebure bwa metero 250.
Ibiyobyabwenge ni ikintu cyihariye bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'abantu n'umutekano wabo, bityo bigomba gukorwa mu bwiza kugira ngo bigire umusaruro mwiza. Umutekano ni mwiza. Gahunda nziza yo gukora imiti (GMP) yakozwe n'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (W0) ni ugushyira mu bikorwa imicungire yuzuye y'ubuziranenge mu gikorwa cyo gukora imiti, nko kugenzura ibikoresho fatizo, ingano n'itangwa rya nyuma, harimo n'uburyo bwo gupakira mu nganda zikora imiti. Hari amabwiriza asobanutse neza ku hantu, abakozi bakora mu gupakira noitabi ryo mu Bwongerezagupfunyika Ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibyapa byo gupakira, nibindi. Hashyizweho amabwiriza akomeye. Muri make, gupakira imiti bigomba kuba bifite umutekano kandi byizewe. Uburinzi bwiza. Byoroshye gutunganya. Guteza imbere ubucuruzi, bihendutse, byoroshye gukoresha, kohereza amakuru n'ibindi bikorwa.
1.Uitabi rya k pgufunga ibisabwa ku miti itandukanye.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti, kandi ibisabwa mu ikoranabuhanga mu gupfunyika birimo 1) Ingaruka z'ibintu byo hanze ku miterere y'amacupa y'imiti. Imiti ishobora kwangirika cyane bitewe n'imiterere y'umubiri, imiti, mikorobe n'ikirere. Urugero, mu kirere no mu ifu y'imiti. Biroroshye kuyivanga no kuyitera indwara, biroroshye kubora no guhindura ibara iyo ihuye n'urumuri, irabora kandi ikangirika iyo ihuye n'ubushuhe, kandi biroroshye kuyivanga no kuyigabanya iyo ihuye n'ubushyuhe, bityo bigatuma umuti utakaza ubushobozi bwawo. Hari igihe, aho kuvura indwara, ishobora gutera indwara no gushyira mu kaga ubuzima. Bityo, hatitawe ku miterere, imiterere, imiterere y'imitako n'uburyo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika mu gupfunyika mu miti, ikintu cya mbere kigomba kuzirikanwa ni imikorere yayo yo kurinda, ni ukuvuga kubungabunga ubushobozi bw'imiti. Igihe cy'imiti cyemewe ni imyaka 2, kandi imwe ishobora kugera ku myaka irenga 3. Kubwibyo, gupfunyika bigomba kandi kwemeza ko ibikoresho by'imiti bihoraho mu gihe cy'imikorere kandi ntibizangirika. Ubwoko butandukanye bw'imiti bushobora kwangirika mu buryo butandukanye. Imiti ikomeye nk'ibinini n'ifu ishobora kwangirika. Iyo ubushyuhe n'ubushuhe bihindutse, imiterere n'ubwiza byabyo bizagenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro. Urugero, nyuma y'uko ibinini bitwikiriwe n'isukari bitose, ubuso burahinduka kandi bukagaragara uko igihe kigenda gihita. Imyanya izagabanya ingano y'ibice by'ingenzi by'umuti kandi igagabanya imikorere yawo. Urundi rugero ni ukwifata kw'ifu n'udusimba nyuma yo gutose, ibyo kandi bigabanya imikorere n'ubwiza bw'imiti. Ibinyobwa cyangwa inshinge n'indi miti ntibishobora gutwarwa n'ubushuhe, ariko bishobora gushonga iyo bihuye n'umwuka, ibyo kandi bizahindura ibice by'ingenzi by'umuti bigahindura ibara. Cyangwa imvura: Imiti imwe n'imwe ihumana byoroshye na bagiteri, ibihumyo, n'ibihumyo kandi ikangirika, igatakaza burundu imikorere yayo kandi ikaba imiti mibi.
Imiti ikaze nk'imiti yoroshya irakoroha, cyangwa igahinduka mu buryo bwa ogisijeni n'ibara bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe n'urumuri. 2 Ibisabwa mu gupfunyika imiti. Mbere na mbere, hagomba kwitabwaho uko umurwayi ahagaze mu mutwe n'ibyo akeneye, kandi hagomba gushyirwamo amakuru ahagije kugira ngo abaguzi basobanukirwe ibintu bigize umuti n'inkomoko yawo, akamaro kawo ku ndwara, n'uburyo bwo kuwufata. Igishushanyo kigomba kugaragaza umutekano n'icyizere kandi kigomba koroha kuwukoresha, kuwutwara no kuwubika. Ugomba kandi gufatwa nk'ufasha mu kwihutisha gupfunyika kugira ngo wongere umusaruro. Imbonerahamwe ya 8-6 igaragaza uburyo imiti ikoreshwa mu gupfunyika ishyirwa mu byiciro hamwe n'uburyo ikoreshwa mu gupfunyika.
2. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imitiPaki y'itabi mu Bwongerezaimirimo yo kurinda.
Hashingiwe ku bidukikije aho imiti itembera, nk'ubushyuhe, ubushuhe, ogisijeni, urumuri, nibindi, ndetse n'imiterere y'uburyo imiti ikoreshwa, hagomba gutoranywa uburyo bukwiye bwo gupakira no gukoresha ibikoresho kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo kurinda imiti gupakira. Ku miti ishobora kwangizwa n'ubushuhe byoroshye, hagomba gukoreshwa ibikoresho bipakira bidapfa guhumeka.
Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubushuhe ku isi rihinduka bitewe n'umurongo wa latitude. Kuva kuri equator kugera hafi ya latitude yo hagati (hafi 35°), ubushuhe bugabanuka uko latitude yiyongera. Iyo uhinduye kuva kuri latitude yo hagati ujya kuri latitude yo hejuru, uko ubushyuhe bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro, ubushuhe bugenda bwiyongera uko latitude yiyongera.
Agace ko mu majyepfo y'uruzi rwa Yangtze mu gihugu cyanjye gafite ubushuhe bwinshi, aho ubushuhe buri hagati ya 70% na 80% ku mwaka n'ubushuhe buri hagati ya 1.6 na 2.4kPa; umubare w'ubushuhe buri hagati ya buri mwaka buri hejuru ya 80% ugize 50% by'amasaha yose y'umwaka. Amasaha afite ubushuhe buri hagati ya 90% arenga 25% by'umwaka. Ubushuhe buri hagati ya buri mwaka mu kibaya cy'uruzi rw'umuhondo ni 70%, naho ubushuhe buri hagati ya 1.2kPa; mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubushinwa.
Ubushyuhe busanzwe bugera kuri 70% ku mwaka, naho ubushyuhe busanzwe bugera kuri 0.8kPa gusa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-05-2024